Glossary
Hybridization
is the process by which hybrid orbitals
are produced from atomic orbitals.
A
hydrate
is a compound with a characteristic number
of water molecules associated with it.
Hydration
is the process in which a solute particle
interacts with the surrounding water molecules.
A
hydrocarbon
is a compound that contains only
carbon and hydrogen.
Hydrogenation
is the addition of hydrogen to a
compound.
The
hydrogen bond
is an especially strong dipolar
interaction that occurs in compounds containing a hydrogen atom attached to N, O, or F.
The
hydronium ion (H
O 3
1+)
is the conjugate acid of
water. Therefore, it is the strongest acid that can be present in aqueous solutions.
A
hydrophilic
molecule interacts well with water.
A
hydrophobic
molecule is excluded from water
because it does not inte
ract well with water.
The
hydrophobic effect
is the tendency of water to
exclude hydrophobic molecu
les by establishing an
ice-like structure
around them.
A
hypothesis
is a proposed explanation of an
observation. If a hypothesis proves successful in explaining many other experiments, it becomes a theory, but if it fails to explain a test, it is discarded or modified.
I
An
ideal gas
is a hypothetical gas composed of
molecules that do not interact with one another.
The
ideal gas law
is the relationship between the
pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T) and number of moles (n) of an ideal gas. PV = nRT.
Ideal gases obey the ideal gas law at all T and P, while real gases deviate at high P and low T.
An
indicator
is a compound that changes color within
a small pH range. The pH at which the indicator changes color is called the end point.
An
induced dipole
is a molecular dipole in one
molecule caused by th
e asymmetric charge
distribution in a neighboring molecule.
The
instantaneous rate
of a reaction is the rate at a
specified time. It is equal to the slope of the concentration
vs.
time plot at the specified time.
An
insulator
is a substance that does not conduct
electricity at reasonable
temperatures because its
band gap is too large.
An
integrated rate law
expresses the concentration of
a reactant as a function of time.
An
intensive property
is independent of sample size.
Color and density are intensive properties.
An
intermediate
in a chemical reaction is a substance
that is formed and then
consumed in the reaction.
Intermediates do not appear in the net chemical equation for the reaction.
Intermolecular
interactions
are between different
molecules. Dipolar and dispersion forces are intermolecular interactions.
Intramolecular interactions
are within a molecule.
Chemical bonds are intramolecular interactions.
An
ion
is a charged chemical species.
The
ion product (Q
) is the reaction quotient for the ip
reaction in which a solid dissolves as its ions in solution. Q
= Kip
at equilibrium. sp
The
ion product constant of water (K
) is the w
equilibrium constant for the reaction 2H
O 2
U
H^3
1+O
+ OH
1-. K
= [Hw
O 3
1+][OH
1-], which has a
value of 1.0x10
-14
at 25
oC.
An
ionic bond
is an electrostatic (Coulombic) force
between oppositely charged ions.
The
ionic radius
of an ion is determined from the
distances between it and ad
jacent ions in an ionic
crystal. The distance between the two adjacent ions equals the sum of their ionic radii.
The
ionization energy
is the energy required to
remove an electron from an
atom or molecule.
Ionizing radiation
is high energy radiation that can
remove electrons from a substance. X-rays are ionizing radiation.
Two substances are
isoelectronic
if they have the same
number of electrons.
Isomers
are different molecules with the same formula.
Isotopes
are atoms with the same atomic number but
different mass numbers,
i.e
., isotopes have the same
number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
J
The
joule (J)
is the SI unit of energy.
1 J = 1 kg
.m
2 .s
-2^
K
Kaolinite clays
are composed of silicate and aluminate
layers (aluminosilicates). They are the main component of china clay.
The
kelvin (K)
is the SI unit of temperature. K =
oC +
273.15.
Kinetics
is the study of reaction rates and mechanisms.
Kinetic energy
(KE=
1 /^2
mv
2 ) is energy of motion.
Anything in motion has the capacity to do work on another object by simply colliding with it.
© by
North
Carolina
State
University