values despite the topologi-
cal protection offered by the
quantum Hall effect. These
results suggest that vacuum
fluctuations could be engineered
to optoelectronically control
electronic systems without the
need for illumination. —ISO
Science, abl5818, this issue p. 1030;
see also abn5990, p. 976
CORONAVIRUS
Enhancing the
immune response
Many lives have been saved by
the vaccines that were rap-
idly developed against severe
acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2. As the pandemic
continues, we are faced with
waning vaccine-induced immu-
nity and variants of the virus that
partly evade this immunity, so
there are questions regarding
boosting strategies. Kaku et al.
examined the immunity induced
by either prime and boost with
the adenoviral vectored vaccine
ChAdOx1 or prime with ChAdOx1
and boost with a messenger
RNA (mRNA) vaccine. Whereas
ChAdOx1 expresses wild-type
viral spike, the mRNA vac-
cines express spike stabilized
in the prefusion conformation.
Boosting with the mRNA vac-
cine focuses the response on
epitopes in the prefusion con-
formation and results in overall
higher neutralizing activity and
increased breadth against vari-
ants of concern. —VV
Science, abn2688, this issue p. 1041
IMMUNOLOGY
A brake on lymphocyte
activation
Stimulation of antigen receptors
leads to the formation of a pro-
tein complex called CBM on the
scaffolding protein CARD11 and
ultimately promotes T or B cell
activation. The ability of CARD11
to recruit its binding partners to
the CBM complex is regulated by
multiple phosphorylation events.
Kutzner et al. identified an
inhibitory phosphorylation site
that restrained antigen recep-
tor–induced formation of the
CBM complex and lymphocyte
activation. This phosphorylation
event prevented T cell activation
without co-receptor stimulation
and sensitized B cell lymphomas
to inhibitors used to treat this
cancer type. —WW
Sci. Signal. 15 , eabk308 (2022).INNATE LYMPHOID CELLS
Friendly competition
in the liver
Hepatotropic viruses such as
hepatitis B virus (HBV) can
cause chronic liver disease in
part by generating antiviral effec-
tor T cells that subsequently
contribute to collateral tis-
sue damage. Using intravital
microscopy in mouse models of
HBV infection, Fumagalli et al.
demonstrate that group 1 innate
lymphoid cells (ILCs), compris-
ing natural killer cells and ILC1s,
interact closely with HBV-
specific CD8+ T cells in the liver
and protect against liver damage
caused by effector T cells. Rather
than directly killing nearby CD8+
T cells, group 1 ILCs limited
effector T cell responses by
competing for local interleukin-2
required for their proliferation.
These results provide insight into
cross-talk between liver lympho-
cyte populations and identify a
regulatory function for group 1
ILCs in constraining antiviral T
cell responses. —CO
Sci. Immunol. 7 , eabi6112 (2022).ANIMAL BEHAVIOR
Human impacts
on bee foraging
Bees are important pollinators
that have evolved numer-
ous learning, navigation, and
communication abilities that
allow them to forage for food.
However, human activity can
have a substantial influence
on foraging by bees, affectingtheir survival. In a Perspective,
Goulson and Nicholls discuss
the anthropogenic effects on
bee foraging, including the use
of neurotoxic pesticides, diverse
influences of urbanization,
and emerging concerns such
as electromagnetic radia-
tion and particulate pollution.
Combinations of these stressors
may synergistically affect bee
behavior, affecting their ability
to thrive. Although mitigations in
urban spaces have shown some
improvements in bee foraging,
mitigations in farmland pose a
much greater challenge. —GKA
Science, abn0185, this issue p. 970RESTORATION ECOLOGY
Microbes repairing
degraded soils
Soils worldwide have become
increasingly degraded by
human activities, especially in
drylands. Land degradation
negatively affects soil hydrologi-
cal functioning and thereby the
ecosystem services that soil
provides. Soil microbes may play
an important part in the restora-
tion of degraded soils, positively
influencing moisture content
and other physical features
of soil. Coban et al. reviewed
recent work on soil hydraulic
properties, potential groups of
microorganisms for hydrological
soil restoration based on their
resilience in dry soils, and future
strategies for long-term restora-
tion of degraded lands. —AMS
Science, abe0725, this issue p. 990RESEARCHSCIENCE science.org 4 MARCH 2022 • VOL 375 ISSUE 6584 989-C