136 PREPARATION OF SCHOOL LEADERS
FUTURE RESEARCH
To implement team testing, the students surveyed and the literature make the following
recommendations. First, a need for team cohesiveness exists (Lou et al., 1996; Nowak, 1996).
According to Lou et al. (1996), team cohesiveness lead to increased learning due to a higher
level of commitment to the team’s task. Team building is suggested as a method to enhance
team cohesiveness (Nowak, 1996; Zimbardo et al., 2003). In a future study of team testing,
the use of team building and its impact on the success of the assessment method should be
determined.
Further research should also be done on the interpersonal skills used during the team-
testing process. An observational study to determine which skills are used during exam peri-
ods, and even during exam preparation periods, would be instructive. This study did solicit
some of this information but was not comprehensive in that only self-reported skills were
identified. Further research could be done to link the development of professional disposi-
tions to team testing.
REFERENCES
Briggs, J., & Harris, T. O. (1990). Why not team-testing? Innovation Abstracts, 12(7), 15–16.
Cortright, R. N., Collins, H. L., Rodenbaugh, D. W., & DiCarlo, S. E. (2003). Student retention of course content
is improved by collaborative-group testing. Advances in Physiology Education, 27(3), 102–108.
Hancock, D. R. (2007). Exploring the effects of group testing on graduate students' motivation and achievement.
Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 32, 215–227.
Hurren, B. L., Rutledge, M., & Burcham, G. (2006). Team testing for individual success. Phi Delta Kappan, 87,
443–447.
Lockemy, M. J., & Summers, S. (1993, November). From teacher centered to student centered learning. Paper
presented at the Fifth Annual Faculty Development Institute of the Community College Consortium,
Ann Arbor, MI.
Lou, Y., Abrami, P. C., Spence, J. C., Poulsen, C., Chambers, B., & d’Apollonia, S. (1996). Within-class group-
ing: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research, 66, 423–458.
Murray, J. P. (1990). Better testing for better learning. College Teaching, 38(4), 148–152.
National Policy Board for Educational Administration. (2002). Standards for advanced programs in educational
leadership for principals, superintendents, curriculum directors, and supervisors.
Nowak, L. I. (1996). Team testing increases performance. Journal of Education for Business, 71, 253–256.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing
grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Zimbardo, P. G., Butler, L. D., & Wolfe, V. A. (2003). Cooperative college examinations: More gain, less pain
when students share information and grades. Journal of Experimental Education, 71(2), 101–125.