The Biology and Culture of Tilapias

Table 3. Results of introductions of tilapias outside the African continent.

S. mossambicus

Africa Madagascar established in numerous waters of the country

(Lamarque et al. 1975)

SE Asia Java, Malaysia, established in natural waters (Atz 1954)

Sri Lanka

Indonesia established in natural water but often forming

very dense, slowly-growing populations (Wel-

comme 1979b)

New Guinea established in natural waters at same time as 21

exotic species (Glucksman et al. 1976; West and

Glucksman 1976)

Philippines established in brackish water but considered a

pest in the Chanos ponds (Pillai 1972; Rabanal

and Hosillos 1957, cited by Rosenthal 1976)

Thailand, Bangladesh initially well-established in natural waters then

Hong Kong

Taiwan

North Vietnam

China

Japan

America Haiti, Jamaica,

St. Lucia, Grenada,

Puerto Rico

Nicaragua

Mexico, El Salvador

Ecuador

Colombia

U.S.A.

Africa

S. niloticus

Madagascar

regressed spontaneously (Welcomme 197913)

established in Plover Cove Reservoir (Man and

Hodgkiss 1977a, 197713)

established throughout the country (rice fields)

but problems due to too low winter temper-

atures, overpopulation and nanism (Chen 1976)

acclimatized (Le et al. 1961)

established in brackish and marine coastal

waters and in the rivers of the central and

southern provinces, e.g., Fukien (Borgstrorn

1978)

cultivated in ponds but transferred in winter

into hot springs (Fukusho 1968)

established in natural waters (Atz 1954)

established, at least in Lake Moyua (Riedel

1965)

introduced for fish culture (FA0 1977c) and

probably established in nature

reared in fish culture with satisfactory results

up to altitudes of 2,400 m (!) (FA0 1977c)

establishment in natural waters of certain

regions (lower than 1,000 m) but dissemination

in the country from there interrupted until

they have better knowledge of the risks of

competition with the indigenous species (FA0

1977c)

introduced into Florida by aquariophiles and

considered a pest (Courtenay and Robins

1973); reared commercially in geothermal

water in Idh'o (Ray 1978); Hawaii (Neil 1966)

established in numerous lakes (e.g., Lake Itasy,

1,200 m altitude) and rivers (Lamarque et al.

1975)