The Biology and Culture of Tilapias

Table 3 (cont'd)

SE Asia Indonesia established in natural waters where found to

be economically very interesting (Welcomme

1979b)

Bangladesh, Thailand established in natural waters but the populations

America

Europe

SE Asia

America

Europe

Africa

America

Africa

Japan

Mexico

Cyprus

Belgium

S. aureus

Philippines, Taiwan

El Salvador

Puerto Rico

U.S.A.

Cyprus

S. macrochir

Madagascar

S. melanotheron

U.S.A.

S. spilurus niger

declined some years after the introduction

(Welcomme 1979b)

principal species of tilapia raised in industrial

warm water (Kuroda 1977)

cultivated in numerous fish stations and estab-

lished in numerous artificial lakes in the center

and south of the country (FA0 1977c)

established (?) in a reservoir (Welcomme 1979b)

cultivated intensively in warm water of a

nuclear power plant with possibility of surviving

in the cooling stream in summer (Me'lard and

Philippart 1980)

introduced for hybridization

introduced for rearing in ponds and in cages

with risks of escapes

established in quarry lakes used for rearing in

cages (Pagan-Font 1977)

introduced with a view to biological control of

the vegetation in lakes of central Florida in

19Q and actually established in at least 20

counties where it is the object of commercial

exploitation (Langford et al. 1978) but catches

are small and it is responsible for the destruction

of the vegetation and native species of fish in

the waters colonized (Courtenay and Robins

1973); probably established in certain lakes in

south Texas but maintained artificially in

cooling water of electric power stations (Stick-

ney and Hesby 1978); surviving in a natural

lake in Alabama only when the winter is

exceptionally warm (Habel 1975); reared in

geothermal water in Colorado (Lauenstein 1978)

established (?) in a reservoir (Welcomme 1979b)

established all over the country in certain

mangrove swamps (e.g., Nemakia) (Lamarque et

al. 1975)

reproducing in natural waters in Florida but

does not seem destructive (Courtenay and

Robins 1973; Welcomme 1979b)

Madagascar failed introduction because temperature too

low at altitude (in Balarin and Hatton 1979)