Mar.4] SOCIETYOF BIBLICAL ARCHEOLOGY. [1890.
". opponent," urri,do., £^£Y IH, erim, " a foe " (aibu), on the
one hand ; and t»m}>URU' (dialecticeri ?), "to help," "protect"
(nasaru),on the other. Andcp. kur, p. 274.
I leave these facts to speak for themselves, as they doubtless
will,to people whoseknowledgeof Accadian goesbeyonda doubt
ful assent to the definitions ki = earth, and ana = heaven. Those
whopreferto keep Accadian to conjure with, willprobably not
thankme for comparing with Ki, " earth, land, country, place,
domain,"the Chinese ki, "a domain," —"a limit or border," ki, "land
left —poorland,"k'i, " the god or spirit which animatesthe earth,"
Tu k'i " the goddess Earth,"shan(shin)k'i, "the godsof the land"
(Accadian shi, "spirit,"ki, "land"); k'i, "a border, confines,
imperiallands."
It is obviously of the greatest consequencethat Chinese,which
has for the most partdroppedor metamorphosed the final r, should
have preserved it in these crucial instances. As is well known,
Chinesetranscriptionsof foreign names usuallyexhibit/ for r, as in
Eu-lo-pa,Europe,Ki-li-sse-tu,Christus. Thatthis change beganin
very early times is evident from the fact thatit is observable in
native words as compared withtheir Accadianprototypes. Take
the Accadian kirrud, "a hole, hollow, gorgeor valley" (hurru).
This, as usual, is a compound term= kin + rud. Thecharacter
is ^[|3f, whichis composed of {, bur, " depth," " bottom " (Suplu),
and <ffi, ki(n),"earth,"andthussuggests"holein the ground,"
and is equal to the Assyrian hurru, " Loch, Schlucht,Thai,"as
Dr. Delitzsch longago explained. In Chinese we have k'u-lung,"a
hole,"fromk'u," a hole in the ground or hill-side " (cp. k'u, " a cave-
dwelling," and k'u, "the buttocks,"Suplu), andlung, "a cavity."
Thislung=rum,in kirrum, the alternative value of the Accadian
character. On the other hand, Chinese has preserved the / of
billudu, "law, precept, command";cp. pien, "a law or rule of
action,"dialecticpin,bi", and liih, (lut = LUD), Cantoneselut, Amoy
////, Fuhchau luk (lug = lud), Chifu///, Shanghai lih (lid, lig),"a
statute,an ordinance." Thus billud= bin(pin) + lud, andis a
* T'u, "earth,ground,land,region,place,"is the 32nd Chineseradical.
Thereis also li, " the earth, the second of the three primepowers, worshipped
as Queen Earth,a place,a spot, a territory, the bottom or support o{ a thing" ;
and both occurtogetherin the phrase t'u-ti-sh&n," the local gods."
Nowin Accadian \JfcJiKI, is also pronounced DU.
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