Organic Waste Recycling

xviii Atomic weight and number of elements

• 2.3 Agro-industrial wastewaters


• 2.4 Pollution caused by human wastes and other wastewaters


• 2.5 Diseases associated with human and animal wastes


• 2.6 Cleaner production (CP)


• 2.7 References


• 2.8 Exercises
  
  
  • 3 Composting
  
  
  
  


• 3.1 Objectives, benefits, and limitations of composting


• 3.2 Biochemical reactions


• 3.3 Biological succession


• 3.4 Environmental requirements


• 3.5 Composting maturity


• 3.6 Composting systems and design criteria


• 3.7 Public health aspects of composting


• 3.8 Utilization of composted products


• 3.9 References


• 3.10 Exercises
  
  
  • 4 Biofuel production
  
  
  • 4.1 Objectives, benefits, and limitations of biogas technology
  
  
  • 4.2 Biochemical reactions and microbiology of anaerobic digestion
  
  
  • 4.3 Environmental requirements for anaerobic digestion
  
  
  • 4.4 Modes of operation and types of biogas digesters
  
  
  • 4.5 Biogas production
  
  
  • 4.6 End uses of biogas and digested slurry
  
  
  • 4.7 Ethanol production
  
  
  • 4.8 References
  
  
  • 4.9 Exercises
    
    
    • 5 Algae production
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 5.1 Objectives, benefits, and limitations
  
  
  • 5.2 Algal production and high-rate algal ponds
  
  
  • 5.3 Algal harvesting technologies
  
  
  • 5.4 Utilization of waste-grown algae
  
  
  • 5.5 Public health aspects and public acceptance
  
  
  • 5.6 References
  
  
  • 5.7 Exercises
    
    
    • 6 Fish production
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 6.1 Objectives, benefits, and limitations
  
  
  • 6.2 Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores Contents v
  
  
  • 6.3 Biological food chains in waste-fed ponds
  
  
  • 6.4 Biochemical reactions in waste-fed ponds
  
  
  • 6.5 Environmental requirements and design criteria
  
  
  • 6.6 Utilization of waste-grown fish
  
  
  • 6.7 Public health aspects and public acceptance
  
  
  • 6.8 Chitin and chitosan production
  
  
  • 6.9 References
  
  
  
  


• 6.10 Exercises
  
  
  • 7 Aquatic weeds and their utilization
  
  
  • 7.1 Objectives, benefits, and limitations
  
  
  • 7.2 Major types and functions
  
  
  • 7.3 Weed composition
  
  
  • 7.4 Productivity and problems caused by aquatic weeds
  
  
  • 7.5 Harvesting, processing and uses
  
  
  • 7.6 Food potential
  
  
  • 7.7 Wastewater treatment using aquatic weeds
  
  
  • 7.8 Health hazards relating to aquatic weeds
  
  
  • 7.9 References
  
  
  
  


• 7.10 Exercises
  
  
  • 8 Land treatment of wastewater
  
  
  • 8.1 Objectives, benefits, and limitations
  
  
  • 8.2 Wastewater renovation processes
  
  
  • 8.3 Wastewater renovation mechanisms
  
  
  • 8.4 System design and operation
  
  
  • 8.5 Land treatment – design equations
  
  
  • 8.6 System monitoring
  
  
  • 8.7 Public health aspects and public acceptance
  
  
  • 8.8 References
  
  
  • 8.9 Exercises
    
    
    • 9 Land treatment of sludge
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 9.1 Objectives, benefits, and limitations
  
  
  • 9.2 Sludge transport and application procedures
  
  
  • 9.3 System design and sludge application rates
  
  
  • 9.4 Toxic compounds vs. crop growth
  
  
  • 9.5 Microbiological aspects of sludge application on land
  
  
  • 9.6 References
  
  
  • 9.7 Exercises vi Contents
    
    
    • 10 Management of organic waste recycling program
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 10.1 Planning for waste recycling programs


• 10.2 Guidelines for technology and site selection


• 10.3 Institutional arrangements


• 10.4 Regulatory aspects


• 10.5 Monitoring and control of facility performance


• 10.6 Case studies of waste recycling management program


• 10.7 References


• 10.8 Exercises
  
  
  • Index
  
  
  
  


• Aluminum Al 13 26. Element Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight


• Antimony Sb 51 121.


• Argon A 18 39.


• Arsenic As 33 74.


• Barium Ba 56 137.


• Beryllium Be 4 9.


• Bismuth Bi 83 209.


• Boron B 5 10.


• Bromine Br 35 79.


• Cadmium Cd 48 112.


• Calcium Ca 20 40.


• Carbon C 6 12. Element Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight


• Cerium Ce 58 140.


• Cesium Cs 55 132.


• Chlorine Cl 17 35.


• Chromium Cr 24 52.


• Cobalt Co 27 58.


• Copper Cu 29 63.


• Dysprosium Dy 66 162.


• Erbium Er 68 167.


• Europium Eu 63 152.


• Fluorine F 9 19.


• Gadolinium Cd 64 156.


• Gallium Ga 31 69.


• Germanium Ce 32 72.


• Gold Au 79 197.


• Hafnium Hf 72 178.


• Helium He 2 4.


• Holmium Ho 67 164.


• Hydrogen H 1 1.


• Indium In 49 114.


• lodine I 53 126.


• Iridium Ir 77 193.


• Iron Fe 26 55.


• Krypton Kr 36 83.


• Lanthanum La 57 138.


• Lead Pb 82 207.


• Lithium Li 3 6.


• Lutecium Lu 71 175.


• Magnesium Mg 12 24.


• Manganese Mn 25 54.


• Mercury Hg 80 200.


• Molybdenum Mo 42 95.


• Neodymium Nd 60 144.


• Neon Ne 10 20.


• Nickel Ni 28 58.


• Niobium Nb 41 92.


• Nitrogen N 7 14.


• Osmium Os 76 190.


• Oxygen O 8 16.


• Palladium Pd 46 106. Element Symbol Atomic number Atomic weight


• Phosphorus P 15 30.


• Platinum Pt 78 195.


• Potassium K 19 39.


• Praseodymium Pr 59 140.


• Protactinium Pa


• Radium Ra 88 226.


• Radon Rn


• Rhenium Re 75 186.


• Rhodium Rh 45 102.


• Rubidium Rb 37 85.


• Ruthenium Ru 44 101.


• Samarium Sm 62 150.


• Scandium Sc 21 45.


• Selenium Se 34 78.


• Silicon Si 14 28.


• Silver Ag 47 107.


• Sodium Na 11 22.


• Strontium Sr 38 87.


• Sulfur S 16 32.


• Tantalum Ta 73 180.


• Tellurium Te 52 127.


• Terbium Tb 65 159.


• Thallium Tl 81 204.


• Thorium Th 90 232.


• Thulium Tm 69 169.


• Tin Sn 50 118.


• Titanium Ti 22 47.


• Tungsten W 74 183.


• Uranium U 92 238.


• Vanadium V 23 50.


• Xenon Xe 54 131.


• Ytterbium Yb 70 173.


• Yttrium Y 39 88.


• Zinc Zn 30 65.


• Zirconium Zr 40 91.