Organic Waste Recycling

30 Organic waste recycling: technology and management

2.3 Agro-industrial wastewaters

This section will describe six types of agro-industries namely tapioca, palm oil,
sugar cane, brewery, slaughter house, and fruit and vegetables. The general
processes of the above industries and the quantity and characteristics of waste
generation are presented. The processing diagrams of each agro-industry will
include the sources of waste generation which should be useful for the
environmental engineers and scientists to understand the waste characteristics and
to investigate means to reduce waste generation at the industries.

Table 2.7 Waste production by various animals (Adapted from Lohani and Rajagopal 1981)

Animal

Average

weight of

animal (kg)

Total wastea

(kg/head per

day)

BOD 5

(kg/head per

day b)

Beef cattle 360 18-27 0.45-0.68

Dairy cattle (milk cows, replacement

heifers, breeding stock)

590 44 0.9

Swine 45 - -
Chickens:
Broilers - 0.05 0.0044
Laying hens - 0.06 0.0044
Sheep and lambs - 7.0 0.16
Turkeys 7 0.41 0.023
Ducks 1.6 - 0.017
Horsesc (pleasure, farm racing) - 37 0.36
aTotal excreta including feces and urine.
bAll units for waste and BOD 5 production are in kg/head/day except for those for chickens (broilers and

laying hens) in kg/kg of bird/day as indicated.
cManure for broilers and horses is mixed with bedding material or litter.

2.3.1 Tapioca industry

Tapioca, also known as cassava or manioc, is grown in most tropical areas of the
world. The root of the plant contains approximately 20 percent starch in a cellulose
matrix. Tapioca starch is in particular demand for sizing paper or fibres and is also
used in food industry.