more difficult but potentially leading to more permanent, shaded cocoa sys-
tems, would have been the use of tree fallows to suppress the C. odoratathick-
ets, later to be underplanted with cocoa trees (Schroth et al. 1992). Whether
the resulting delay in cocoa planting would have been acceptable to recently
arrived immigrants is an open question; efforts to promote the principle to
replant fallow lands have been initiated in the Côte d’Ivoire (N’Goran 1998).
The third technological innovation that changed the traditional ways of
cocoa growing was the spontaneous adoption of mineral fertilizers by immigrant- Chocolate Forests and Monocultures 121
Figure 6.4. Planting and replanting of cocoa by Burkinabé migrants in the center-
west of the Côte d’Ivoire (F. Ruf, unpublished survey results, 1997).Table 6.2. Contribution of cocoa plots planted after forest or replanted to the total
cocoa production of farms in the center-west of the Côte d’Ivoire.
Replanted
after (Mostly Replanted Total
Planted after Shaded) Coffee after Shrub Production per
Forest (%) and Cocoa (%) Fallow (%)a Farm (kg yr-1)Indigenous Bété (64 farmers) 75 0 25 1,114
Baoulé and other Ivorian 78 3 19 3,871
migrants (44 farmers)
Burkinabé and other foreign 53 11 36 2,311
migrants (46 farmers)
TOTAL(154 farmers) 71 3 26 2,272
Source:CIRAD (F. Ruf, unpublished data from a 2001 survey).
aOften where a previous plantation was destroyed by fire.