sustainability - SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry

(Ben Green) #1

Sustainability 2011 , 3
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  1. EIA. Annual Energy Review 2007; DOE/EIA-0384. U.S. Department of Energy: Washington, DC,
    USA, 2008.

  2. EIA. Annual Energy Review 2008; DOE/EIA-0384. U.S. Department of Energy: Washington, DC,
    USA, June 2009.

  3. EIA. International Petroleum data Annual Production. http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/cfapps/
    ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=5&pid=53&aid=1 (accessed on 9 August 2011).

  4. EIA. International Petroleum Monthly; U.S. Department of Energy: Washington, DC, USA,
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  5. NBER. US Business Cycle Expansions and Contractions. National Bureau of Economic Research,
    Inc.: Cambridge, MA, USA. Available online: http://www.nber.org/cycles/cyclesmain.html
    (9 August 2011).

  6. Murphy, D.J.R.; Hall, C.A.S.; Cleveland, C.J. Order from Chaos: A preliminary protocol for
    determining EROI for fuels. Sustainability 2011 , in press.

  7. Gagnon, N.; Hall, C.A.S.; Brinker, L. A preliminary investigation of energy return on energy
    investment for global oil and gas production. Energies 2009 , 2 , 490-530.

  8. Guilford, M.C.; Hall, C.A.S.; Cleveland, C.J. A new long term assessment of EROI for U.S. oil
    and gas production. Sustainability 2011 , in press.

  9. EROI × (MJ/$) × $invested × [($/BBL) / (MJ/BBL)] =
    (2)(20 MJ/$)($1invested)($61/BBL)/(6,100 MJ/BBL) = $0.40.

  10. API. 2007 Joint Association Survey on Drilling Costs; American Petroleum Institute:
    Washington, DC, USA, 2008.

  11. EIA. Annual Energy Review 2009; DOE/EIA-0384. U.S. Department of Energy: Washington, DC,
    USA, Auguest 2010.

  12. King, C.W. Energy intensity ratios as net energy measures of United States energy production and
    expenditures. Environ. Res. Lett. 2010 , 5 , 044006; doi:10.1088/1748-9326/5/4/044006.

  13. Heun, M.K.; de Wit, M. Energy return on (energy) invested (EROI), oil prices, and energy
    transitions. Energy Policy, in press.

  14. Discounting future Eout and Ein tends to lower the final EROI relative to a non-discounted result
    because Eout is generally assumed constant over system lifetime and Ein is “front-loaded” to
    varying degrees (e.g. technologies with no fuel costs such as wind and solar power are heavily
    “front-loaded”).

  15. Mulder, K.; Hagens, N.J. Energy return on investment: Toward a consistent framework. AMBIO
    2008 , 37 , 74-79.

  16. Cleveland, C.J. Net energy from the extraction of oil and gas in the United States. Energy 2005 ,
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  17. Cleveland, C.J.; Costanza, R.; Hall, C.A.S.; Kaufmann, R.K. Energy and the U.S. economy: A
    biophysical perspective. Science 1984 , 225 , 890-897.

  18. Hall, C.A.S.; Cleveland, C.J.; Kaufmann, R.K. Energy and Resource Quality: The Ecology of the
    Economic Process; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 1986.


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