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Sustainability 2011 , 3 2376

fertilizer and pesticide as the percentages of total national imported and domestically produced

fertilizer and pesticide (Table 9). Finally, we assumed the energy value of transporting one kilogram of

material as 6.4 megajoules per tonne-kilometer (MJ t-km−^1 ) [49]. Combining this information with

distance-travelled figures, the energy to transport one tonne of imported material is 1,920 MJ, and the

energy to transport one tonne of domestically produced material is 1,280 MJ.

2.3. Consolidated Energy Inputs

Tables 10 and 11 show all inputs to wheat and rice quantified in energy terms.

Table 11. Total inputs to rice from 1999 to 2009 (PJ).

FY ‘99 ‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 ‘08 ‘09 Average input

Seed 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.6

Fertilizer

N 4.9 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.8 7.2 7.6 6.8 7.5 7.8 6.3

P 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

K 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Pesticide

Herbicide 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1
Insecticide 2.2 3.0 2.3 3.4 3.8 6.3 5.1 2.1 4.6 1.9 1.9 3.3
Fungicide 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Labor 1.3 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.4
Tractor diesel 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 0.6
Tractor embodied energy 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Tube well diesel 2.5 2.9 3.0 2.9 3.3 4.6 4.9 5.1 4.6 4.2 4.8 3.9
Tube well electricity
(adjusted) 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.2 2.6 2.8 2.9 2.3 2.3 2.6 2.4
Diesel tube well
embodied energy 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2
Electric tube well
embodied energy 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
Transportation of
fertilizer and pesticide 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Total 15.1 16.8 16.2 16.7 18.0 22.9 23.8 21.6 22.1 19.5 21.2 19.4

2.4. Quantifying the Energy Output (Crop Production)

The energy content of seed for planting and as the product of the cropping system were taken to be

the same, and used official production figures from [9] (pp. 6–7, pp. 16–17) to calculate the energy

output of the crops.

G