ville: U Florida P, 1949), 96–97, suggests that in this passage Whitman was trying to
pour old wine into new bottles.
- “Spirit that Form’d this Scene” (1881), LG, 486.
- Phoebe Lloyd, “Posthumous Mourning Portraiture,” in A Time to Mourn: Ex-
pressions of Grief in Nineteenth-Century America, ed. Martha V. Pike and Janice Gray
Armstrong (Stony Brook, N.Y.: Museum of Stony Brook, 1980), 75. - Roger Asselineau, Leaves of Grass: The Evolution of a Book (Cambridge: Har-
vard UP, 1962) 13, 27, cited in Miller, Walt Whitman’s “Song of Myself,” 100. - Lawrence Kramer, Music and Poetry: The Nineteenth Century and After (Berke-
ley: U California P, 1984), 141
33.NUPM, 1:126–127. On the Bettini connection, see Reynolds, Walt Whitman, - On Alboni, see WWC, 9:49–50. Alboni, a student of Rossini, in whose roles she
excelled, sang in the United States in 1852. On Whitman’s relation to the opera, also
see Donald Barlow Stauffer, “Opera and Opera Singers,” in Walt Whitman: An En-
cyclopedia, ed. J. R. LeMaster and Donald D. Kummings (New York: Garland, 1998),
484–486. - Rainer Marie Rilke, Duino Elegies, trans. David Young (New York: Norton,
1978), 19. - Quoted from NUPM, 1:151 in Byrne R. S. Fone, Masculine Landscapes: Walt
Whitman and the Homoerotic Text (Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 1992), 102. - See, for example, the “wholesome relief, repose, content” in the closing lines
of “Spontaneous Me” LG1860, 308–309. - Karl Kerényi, Hermes Guide of Souls: The Mythologies of the Masculine Source of
Life (Zurich: Spring Publications, 1976), 71. - Donald Pease, Visual Compacts: American Renaissance Writing in Cultural
Context (Madison: U Wisconsin P, 1987), 137. - Quoted in George B. Hutchinson, The Ecstatic Whitman: Literary Shamanism
and the Crisis of the Union (Columbus: Ohio State UP, 1986), 36. See the discussion
of the zoe in relation to “Children of Adam,” in chapter 4, below. - See Frederick J. Hoffman, The Mortal No: Death and the Modern Imagination
(Princeton: Princeton UP, 1964), 323, 334. - Marki, Trial of the Poet, 161.
- See LGVar, 1:43, for variant readings of the line.
- Hoffman, Mortal No, 349–350.
- James Nolan calls it a “shamanistic migration” in Poet-Chief, 180.
45.LG, 65–66n; Reynolds, Walt Whitman, 328–329. - Such a reading would accord with the beliefs of Spiritualism, which had a
widespread appeal during this period. In 1857 The Practical Christian (organ of the
Hopedale Community, of which Whitman’s close friend Abby Price had been a
prominent member) listed sixty-seven periodicals or books devoted to Spiritualism.
John Humphrey Noyes, founder of the Oneida Community, noted in 1868 that “the
surge of Swedenborgianism which [the Fourierists] started, swept on among their
constituents, and under the force of Spiritualism, is sweeping on to this day.” Spiri-
tualism was a sort of omnium gatherum of related causes and ideologies, “taking form
from each of the ideologies that have emptied into it,” including Swedenborgianism,
Notes to Pages 47–55 / 251