viii contents
Chapter Four The Dynastic Caliphates: The Umayyads
and the Reforms (661 A.C.–750 A.C.) ................................ 126
Introduction ............................................................................ 126
The Caliphate and the Dynasty .......................................... 126
Islamic Expansion and the Need for Administrative
Reform ................................................................................ 128
Administrative and Economic Reforms ................................ 130
Monetary Reform .................................................................. 134
Islamic Urbanisation .............................................................. 135
Agriculture .............................................................................. 137
Trade and Commerce .......................................................... 139
Legal Forms of Business ........................................................ 142
State Finance .......................................................................... 145
Chapter Five The Abbasìd’s Golden Age: The Florescence
of Islamic Economics (750 A.C.–1000 A.C.) ...................... 155
Introduction ............................................................................ 155
Leading Specialised Work on Islamic Economics .............. 155
Main Changes in the Economic Features .......................... 158
Intellectual Development ...................................................... 161
Jurisprudence Schools of Thought ........................................ 167
The First Specialised Books on Islamic Economics ............ 169
Abù-Yùsuf (113–182 A.H., 731–798 A.C.) .......................... 171
Kitàb al-Kharàj, Treatise in al-Kharàj ............................ 171
Al-Shaibànì(132–189 A.H., 750–804 A.C.):
From Macro-Economics to Micro-Economics:
Kitàb al-Iktisàb, Book of Earnings .................................. 197
Abù-Ubaid (d. 224 H., 838 A.C.) ........................................ 205
Kitàb al-Amwàl, Book of Wealth .................................... 205
The Contribution of Sùfìsm to Islamic Economic
Thought ................................................................................ 208
Abdullah al-Œarith bin Asad al-Muœasibì,
(d. 243 A.H., 857 A.C.) .................................................... 214
Kitàb Risalat al-Iktisàb wa al Wara", Treatise on Earning
and Asceticism ................................................................ 214
Chapter Six Political Fragmentation and Cultural Diversity
(1000 A.C.–1400 A.C.) .......................................................... 222
Introduction ............................................................................ 222
Political Fragmentation .......................................................... 222