Society of Islam (1941), 351
Zakàh implementation, 87, 362–363
Palmyra, 14, 16, 415
Palmyrenes, 16, 415
Pan-Islamism, 322
Participating Term Certificate
(PTC)(Pakistan), 335
partnership. see inàn partnership;
mudharabahpartnership; mufàwadah
partnership; mushàrakahpartnership
pasture, 58
peace treaty, 183
People of the Book. seeChristians;
Jews; Sabians
Persian language, 133
Persian separatist movement, 225–227
Persians, 13–14, 17, 102, 225–227
Petra, 14, 16
“The Philosopher of the Arabs”, 18
philosophy. see falsafah; Greek philosophy;
Islamic philosophy; moral philosophy;
religio-political philosophy
Phoenix, 284
Physiocrats, 125, 203–204, 281–282
piety, 63–65, 66, 251
pilgrimage. see also Hajj, 3, 19, 22
Pillars of Islam, 71, 76, 96
Plato, 162
poetry, 17, 20
poll tax. see jizyah
the poor
exemption from tax, 145, 150, 192
gap between rich and, 75, 77
and the rich, 9, 43, 198, 205
right to heaven, 65, 74
state responsibility, 176–177, 376
in trade, 253
and Zakàh, 87, 98, 109, 191, 364, 377
population
decrease in, 298, 320
hardship of, 295, 298, 320
increase, 277–278
postal services, 130–131
poverty. see also the poor, 211–212, 243
prices. see also market forces
Abù-Yùsuf on, 196
disparity of, 258–259
fixing, 80, 252, 270–272
al-Ghazàlìon, 248–249
Ibn Khaldùn on, 278–279
Ibn Taymìyah on, 269–270
Ja"afer al-Dìmashqìon, 258–259
market forces and, 82
private donations. see also charity; gifts,
84
private ownership
inheritance and, 57–58
Islamic approach to, 7, 56–58
and land distribution, 105
Naqvi on, 374–375
theft of, 57
production
and cooperation, 242
costs of, 257–258
diversity of, 159–160
and education, 247–248
factors of, 63–65, 395
human factor of, 240–242
objectives of, 61–62
al-Shaibànìon, 200–203
specialisation in, 242
state intervention, 272–273
and flùfìsm, 213
produit net, 203–204
profit
acceptability of, 72
margin of, 282
maximization of, 253, 259
role in economic development, 277
satisfaction, 259
sharing, 73, 142–143, 333.
see also profit-loss-sharing (PTC)
from trading gold, 249
profit-loss-sharing (PTC)
in Islamic banking, 366–367, 371
in leasing, 195
in Pakistan, 334–335
and validity of contracts, 386
promiscuity, 32
Prophet Ibràhìm (Abraham), 2, 19
Prophet Muœammad. seeMuœammad,
The Prophet
“Provincia Arabia”, 15
Ptolemies, 14–15
public accountability. seeœisbah
public interest. see istislàœ
public ownership
Islamic approach to, 58–60, 195
land distribution, 105
of Sawàfìland, 59, 80, 114
publishing, 294, 354–355
Puritanism, 220
qabdh, 415
Qadisiya, Battle of, 102
Qanùn al-Wazarah(al-Màwardì), 233index 443