11.7 References
ANON.(1992),A methodfor assessingthe in-placecleanabilityof food-processing equipment',TrendsFoodSci Tech, 3 , 325±328. ANON.(1993),Hygienicdesignof closedequipmentfor processingof liquidfood',
TrendsFoodSci Tech, 4 , 375±379.
ANON.(1997),EuropeanStandardEN 1672-2,Commissionof EuropeanCommunities.
ANON.(1999),ComputationalDynamicsMethodologyManual(on-line)ver. 3.10A,CD
AdapcoGroup(www.cd-adapco.com)
BE¬NE¬ZECHTH, FAILLECandLECRIGNY-NOLFS(1998),RemovalofBacillussporesfrom closedequipmentsurfacesundercleaning-in-placeconditions',in WilsonD I, FryerP J and HastingA P M,Foulingand cleaningin foodprocessing'98, Jesus College, Cambridge,160±167. BERGMANB-O and TRAGARDH C (1990),An approach to study and model the
hydrodynamiccleaningeffect',J FoodProcessEng, 13 , 135±154.
CASEYMandWINTERGERSTET(2000),ERCOFTACSpecialinterestgroupon qualityand
trust in industrial CFD ± Best practice guide, ERCOFTAC, US (http://
http://www.ercoftac.org/)..)
CHENH CandPATEL V C(1988),Near wallturbulencemodelsfor complexflows includingseparation',AIAAJournal, 26 , 7±12. DUDDRIDGEJ E, KENTC AandLAWSJ F(1982),Effectof surfaceshearstresson the
attachmentofPseudomonasfluorescenceto stainlesssteelunderdefinedflow
conditions',BiotechnolBioeng, 24 , 153±164.
DURSTFandTROPEA C(1981),Turbulent,backward-facingstep flowsin two dimensional ductsand channels',Symposiumon turbulentshearflows, Davis,CA, Universityof California,18.1±18.9. ENGLISH J(1999),Thecoandaeffectin maritimetechnology',Nav Archit, April,18±22.
FERZIGERJ HandPERIC¬ (1999),Computationalmethodsfor fluiddynamics, 2nd edn,
Berlin,Springer.
FOWLERH WandMCKAYA J(1980),Themeasurementof microbialadhesion',in BerkeleyR C W, LynchJ M, MellingJ, RutterP R and VincentB,Microbial adhesionto surfaces, Chichester,EllisHorwoodLtd, 143±161. FRIISAandJENSENB B B(2002),Predictionof hygienein foodprocessingequipment
usingflowmodeling',FoodBioprodProcess, 80 , 281±285.
HALLJ(1999),Computationalfluiddynamics:A tool for hygienicdesign',in WilsonD I, Fryer P J and HastingA P M,Fouling and cleaningin food processing, Luxemburg,EuropeanCommission,144±151. HAUSERGand KRU»S H (2000),Hygienegebrechte gestaltung vonbauteilenfu»r die lebensmittelherstellung ± schwachstellenanalyse durch tests undnumerische berechungen, Waalre, Cyclone Fluid Dynamics (web publication at [http://www.cyclone.nl).](http://www.cyclone.nl).) HOLAHJ T(2003),Cleaningand disinfection',in LelieveldH L M, MostertM A, HolahJ
and WhiteB,Hygienein foodprocessing, Cambridge,Woodhead,235±278.
JENSENB B B(2003),Hygienicdesignof closedequipmentby use of computationalfluid
dynamics, Lyngby,TechnicalUniversityof Denmark.
JENSENB B BandFRIIS A(2004a),Criticalwallshearstressfor the EHEDGtest method', ChemEng Process, 43 (7), 831±840. JENSENB B BandFRIISA(2004b),Predictionof flowin mix-proofvalveby use of CFD±
validationby LDA',J FoodProcessEng, 27 , 65±85.
Improvingthe hygienicdesignof closedequipment 209