rise steadily.For example in the UK the notifications increased in a 10 year
period(1941±1951)froman initialcouple of hundred to over 3000 a year.
As indicatedby Hardy(1999)in her historical overviewof foodpoisoningin
Britain,the history of foodborne disease is one of social and scientific change,
but is not simply of an increasing preference for foodstuffsprepared outsidethe
homeratherthanwithin it. Rather,it is the storyof howsocialand scientific
changehas graduallyexposed unchangingeconomies of time and hygiene that
mostpeoplehavealwaysmade in theireverydaylives. However,information
about foodborne diseases is still not complete.A current problem is that
although most countries have mandatory systems for notifying foodborne
diseases, the informationprovidedis generally poorand thereis a dramatic
underreporting.Thiscameto lightaftermodernanalyseswereused,including
sentinel and populationstudies. It becameclearthat in developedcountrieson
average10 000±20000 persons per 1 000 000 populationsuffer yearlyfroma
foodborne disease(de Witet al., 2001;Fitzgeraldet al., 2004).In addition in
about37.5%of the cases investigated in sentinelstudies a causative organism
was identified(see Table1.2).
Hygiene
Following the discovery, around 1880,that foodcan be an importantsource of
disease-causing organisms, investigations started to concentrate on the
reservoirs and routes of transmissionof pathogens. The researchof Buchanan
(cited by Oddyand Millar, 1985) revealed an associationbetween infant
diarrhoea, refuse tips and flies. Furtherelucidationof reservoirsand routesof
transmissionstimulated the British publichealth authorities to includethis
emerging fieldin preventivemedicine.As an example, the healthauthorities
beganextensive anti-flycampaigns,boththrough publiceducationand by
Table1.2 Microorganismsdetectedin patientswithsymptomsof acuteenteritisand
controls(de Witet al., 2001)
Patients(N= 857) Controls(N= 574)
No. % No. %Salmonellaspp. 33 3.9 1 0.2
Campylobacterspp. 89 10.4 3 0.5
Yersiniaspp. 6 0.7 6 1.1
Shigellaspp. 1 0.1 0 0.0
VTEC 4 0.5 3 0.6
Rotavirus 45 5.3 8 1.4
Adenovirus 19 2.2 2 0.4
Astrovirus 13 1.5 2 0.4
Norwalk-likeviruses 43 5.0 6 1.1
Sapporo-likeviruses 5 2.1 1 0.2
Parasites 64 7.4 26 4.5
Total 322 37.6 58 10.1
Introduction 9