ordered to the south to support the forces of Sir William
Waller, he went to London, where he quarreled with
the Parliamentarian leader.
Montagu and Waller met the Royalist forces at
the second battle of Newbury on 27 October 1644.
Although the agreed plan was for Waller to attack and
then for Montagu to support him, Montagu brought his
forces in late, allowing King Charles I and his troops
to escape. Montagu came under heavy criticism for his
action, and Parliament enacted the Self Denying Or-
dinance, which disallowed any member of Parliament
from serving as a commander of an army. This meant
that members of the House of Commons could resign
from Parliament and carry on serving as soldiers, but
members of the House of Lords could not do so. De-
spite the new “law,” Cromwell remained a member of
the House of Commons, but Montagu, a peer, resigned
his commission on 2 April 1645.
With the capture and trial of Charles I, Montagu
became even more disillusioned with the Parliamentary
stand. He strongly opposed the king’s execution, and
his antagonism and hostility toward Cromwell deep-
ened when Cromwell took the title of lord protector
of England. Montagu withdrew from politics until the
restoration of the Stuart dynasty in the form of Charles
II, son of the executed king, to the throne in 1660.
In the years that followed, Montagu served Charles II
as chancellor, privy councillor, and lord chamberlain.
In 1667, he returned to military service when he saw
limited action during the Second Anglo-Dutch War
(1665–67).
Edward Montagu, second earl of Manchester, died
at Whitehall in London on 7 May 1671 at the age of
68 or 69.
References: Holmes, Richard, and Peter Young, The
English Civil War: A Military History of Three Civil Wars,
1642–1651 (London: Eyre Mehuen, 1974); Hamblet,
John, A Famous and Joyfull Victory obtained by the Earl
of Stamfords forces neere Stratford in Northampton-shire,
against Prince Robert [sic] his forces... (London: Printed
for H. Blunen, 1642); Montagu, Edward, earl of Man-
chester, A Journall, or, a True and Exact Relation of Each
Dayes Passage, of that Party of the Right Honourable the
Earle of Manchesters army... (London: Printed by Hugh
Perry, 1644); A List of all the Ships and Frigots of England
with their number of men, guns, and of what rates... (Lon-
don: Printed by M. Simmons, 1660).
Montcalm de Saint-Véran, Louis-Joseph
de Montcalm, marquis de (Louis-Joseph de
Montcalm-Gozon, marquis de Montcalm)
(1712–1759) French general
Louis-Joseph de Montcalm was born in the village of
Candiac, near Nimes, France, on 28 February 1712,
the son of a nobleman who had served in the French
military. When he turned 15, his father purchased him a
commission in the French army as an ensign; he saw ac-
tive service, and two years later, he was promoted to the
rank of captain. When he was 23, he succeeded to his
father’s title as the marquis de Montcalm, although this
did not come with the appropriate wealth for a French
nobleman, so he entered into an arranged marriage with
a wealthy woman. Montcalm and his wife grew to love
each other, and their letters, which survive, show a warm
and affectionate relationship.
In 1741, Montcalm first saw military action dur-
ing the War of the Austrian Succession (1741–48) when,
serving under Marshal François Marie, duc de Broglie,
his unit moved into Bohemia in central Europe to resist
an invasion from Bavarian forces. He later served as aide-
de-camp to the marquis Charles de la Fare and distin-
guished himself during the defense of Prague in 1742.
Because of his service, on 7 March 1743 Montcalm was
named as the colonel of the Régiment d’Auxerrois. He
then served under Marshal Jean-Baptiste-François Des-
marets, the duc de Maillebois and performed noble ser-
vice on 16 June 1746 at Piacenza, Italy, where he was
wounded and captured. After he was paroled back to
the French, King Louis XV promoted him to brigadier
general. Returning to the army, he took part in the battle
of Assiette (July 1747) before the end of the war.
Montcalm left the army for several years until, in
1756, he was promoted to major general and given com-
mand of the French land forces in New France, in what
is now Canada. When he arrived there, he found that
his troops were not properly trained, and there was deep
antipathy between the French soldiers and the Canadian
citizens. In trying to resolve these problems, Montcalm
clashed with Govenor-General Philippe de Rigaud, the
marquis de Vaudreuil and wrote to Nicholas-René Ber-
ryer, a French minister: “Let us beware how we allow
the establishment of manufactures in Canada; she would
become proud and mutinous like the English. So long as
France is a nursery to Canada, let not the Canadians be
allowed to trade, but kept to their wandering laborious
life with the savages, and to their military services, they montcAlm De SAint-véRAn, louiS-JoSeph De montcAlm, mARquiS De