operations that ended the Indian Mutiny and brought
peace to northern India. In May 1858, he was promoted
to general, and two months later he was raised to the
peerage, becoming Baron Clyde. He remained in India
until June 1860 when, beset by ill health, he returned
to England for the final time. In 1862, his final honor
came when he was elevated to the rank of field marshal.
Baron Clyde died at his home at Chatham on 14
August 1863 at the age of 70. Remembrances soon
flooded in for this son of Scotland born in poverty who
rose to become one of England’s finest field generals.
Lord Granville wrote in a personal letter: “I received her
Majesty’s order to express to the Duke of Cambridge
her Majesty’s grief, and to say that the great military
services of Lord Clyde in difficult parts of the world,
the success with which in most trying circumstances he
restored peace to her Majesty’s empire in India, and the
personal regard which the Queen and her beloved Con-
sort [Prince Albert] entertained for his high and hon-
ourable character, make her Majesty deeply deplore the
loss which the Queen, in common with her Majesty’s
subjects, has sustained.”
References: Stephens, Henry Morse, “Campbell, Sir
Colin, Baron Clyde,” in The Dictionary of National Biog-
raphy, 22 vols., 8 supps., edited by Sir Leslie Stephen and
Sir Sidney Lee, et al. (London: Oxford University Press,
1921–22), III:803–807; Shadwell, Lieutenant General
Lawrence, The Life of Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde, Il-
lustrated by Extracts From His Diary and Correspondence
(Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons,
1881); Forbes, Archibald, Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde
(London: Macmillan and Company, 1895); Windrow,
Martin, and Francis K. Mason, “Campbell, Colin, Baron
Clyde of Clydesdale,” in The Wordsworth Dictionary of
Military Biography (Cumberland House, Hertfordshire,
U.K.: Wordsworth Editions Ltd., 1997), 42–44; Bruce,
George, “Alma” and “Balaclava,” in Collins Dictionary
of Wars (Glasgow, Scotland: HarperCollins Publishers,
1995), 12, 27; “Campbell, Sir Colin,” in Command:
From Alexander the Great to Zhukov—The Greatest Com-
manders of World History, edited by James Lucas (London:
Bloomsbury Publishing, 1988), 69–70; Campbell, Sir
Colin, Memorandum of the Part Taken by the Third Divi-
sion of the Army of the Punjaub, at the Battle of Chillian-
wala (London: James Ridgway, Piccadilly, 1851); Deakin,
T. J., “Tactical Triumph at the Alma,” Military History 12,
no. 7 (March 1996): 42–49.
Castiglione, duc de See augereau, Pierre-
françois-charles, duc de castiglione.Cavendish, William See neWcastle, William
caVendish, duke of.Charles XII (Karl XII) (1682–1718) king
of Sweden
Charles XII (also known as Karl XII) lived to be only
36, dying in the war against Norway in 1718. He was
the son of Charles XI of Sweden and his wife Ulrike
Eleanora. Charles XI reigned from his father’s death in
1660 until his own death in 1697, when his son, only
15 years old, became king of Sweden. Charles XII’s in-
experience in the ways of running a country encouraged
Norway’s neighbors, Russia, Poland, and Denmark, to
form an alliance to attack Sweden and annex that coun-
try into their own. This was led by Russia’s Czar Peter I
(better known as Peter the Great), along with King Fred-
erick VI of Denmark and Augustus II the Strong, king
of Poland and elector of Saxony. Charles decided to
launch a preemptive attack against these three nations
in what would be called the Great Northern War. Start-
ing with Denmark, the Swedish forces, backed by Eng-
lish troops, moved to counter the Danish invasion of
Schleswig. With the aid of the English and Dutch—led
by Sir George rooke—the Swedes invaded Denmark
on 4 August 1700 and attacked Copenhagen. The
Danes quickly collapsed and sued for peace, signing the
Treaty of Travendal on 18 August 1700 and agreeing to
pull out of the alliance.
Sweden’s quick defeat of the Danes led King Au-
gustus and Czar Peter to fear that the Scandinavian
country would expand beyond her borders. Russia im-
mediately marched troops into the Swedish territories
of Estonia and Livonia. Charles XII then marched to
the Russian fortress at Narva, where a major battle took
place on 20 November 1700. Historian George Bruce
writes: “8,000 Swedes under Charles XII and 50,000
Russians under General [Prince Basil Vassilyevich] Dol-
gorouky [met]. The Russians were besieging Narva, but
driving in two large bodies who occupied advancing po-
sitions, Charles boldly attacked their entrenched camp.
Following a brief cannonade, the Swedes stormed the
trenches, and though the Russian artillerymen stood to
their guns, after three hours’ hard fighting the defenderschARleS xii