Italian peninsula was bitterly contested at every river
crossing and mountain pass by an enemy intent on hold-
ing the allies south of Rome.” Clark’s forces saw battle
at the Rapido River (14 January 1944), at Anzio Beach
(22–29 January 1944), against the fortress at Monte
Cassino (January—May 1944), and in the assault on
and surrender of Rome (4 June 1944). However, they
incurred severe casualties in several of these clashes,
American bombers completely destroyed the abbey at
Monte Cassino, and Clark was widely criticized for con-
centrating on taking Rome and therefore allowing the
German Tenth Army to escape. When the war ended,
Clark was still in Italy, mopping up remaining German
resistance. In the years after the war, he served as the
U.S. high commissioner in Austria from 1945 to 1947.
He then served as commander of the Sixth Army at Fort
Monroe, Virginia.
On 28 April 1952, President Harry S. Truman
put Clark in charge of the United Nations command
in Korea, replacing General Matthew B. ridgWay, who
had succeeded Eisenhower as allied supreme commander
in Japan and the Far East Command. Clark controlled
all allied forces fighting in Korea from May 1952 until
the end of the war in July 1953. He retired formally
from the army in October 1953, upon which he served
as president of The Citadel, a military college in Charles-
ton, South Carolina. Clark’s memoirs appeared in two
separate volumes: Calculated Risk (1950) and From the
Danube to the Yalu (1954). He died in Charleston on 17
April 1984, two weeks before his 88th birthday.
References: Blumenson, Martin, Mark Clark (New
York: Congdon & Weed, 1984); Nicholson, Dennis De-
witt, A History of the Citadel: The Years of Summerall and
Clark (Charleston, South Carolina: The Citadel, 1994);
Mathews, Sidney T., General Clark’s Decision to Drive to
Rome (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, Of-
fice of Military History, 1960; Washington, D.C.: Cen-
ter of Military History, U.S. Army, 1990); Clark, Mark
W., Calculated Risk (New York: Harper, 1950); “Clark,
Mark W.,” in Command: From Alexander the Great to
Zhukov—The Greatest Commanders of World History,
edited by James Lucas (London: Bloomsbury Publish-
ing, 1988), 197; Salerno (Washington, D.C.: Historical
Division, War Department, for the American Forces in
Action series, 1944), 17; D’Este, Carlo, Fatal Decision:
Anzio and the Battle for Rome (New York: HarperCollins,
1991).
Clinton, Sir Henry (1738–1795) British general
The youngest son of George Clinton, the royal governor
of Newfoundland and New York who was himself the
younger son of the sixth earl of Lincoln, Henry Clin-
ton was either born in New York or went there with his
father; historians disagree on the details. As a boy, he
entered the New York militia with the rank of captain
lieutenant, and after returning to England, in 1751 he
entered the British army at the age of 13 as a lieutenant
in the 2nd Regiment, or the Coldstream Guards.
In 1758, Clinton was promoted to the 1st Regi-
ment, or the Grenadier Guards, with the rank of lieu-
tenant colonel. He was attached to a brigade of guards
serving under Prince Ferdinand and later served as an
aide-de-camp to Charles, prince of Brunswick, both in
the Seven Years’ War (1756–63). His service in this con-
flict earned him a promotion to colonel in 1762, and he
was made a major general in 1772. That same year, he
was elected to the House of Commons, but he did not
take his seat due to his wife’s death in childbirth.
In 1775, when the American colonists revolted
against British rule, Clinton was sent to America,
where he served under General Thomas Gage and with
Sir William Howe and Lord cornWallis. Their first
major battle was on 17 June 1775 at Bunker Hill (actu-
ally at nearby Breed’s Hill). Historian Richard M. Ket-
chum, in a 1962 article for American Heritage, writes:
“Gage immediately held a council of war with the three
major officers who had recently been sent from En-
gland to help him quell the rebellion, Major Generals
William Howe, Henry Clinton, and John Burgoyne.
Clinton sensibly favored an attack on the narrow and
unprotected neck of the Charlestown peninsula, just
behind Bunker Hill, which would thus cut off the main
American force. Gage overruled him. Whether out of
pride in their crack regiments (which had been treated
roughly in the retreat from Lexington and Concord)
or contempt for the Provincial troops, the British high
command decided instead to make a frontal assault on
Breed’s Hill.”
The battle went badly for the British: They suffered
some 1,054 casualties, of which 226 had been killed,
while colonial losses were 450 dead and wounded. Gage
was removed from command and recalled to London;
Howe was named as commander in chief of all British
forces in the colonies, with Clinton appointed as his sec-
ond in command because his service at Bunker’s Hill
had been meritorious.0 clinton, SiR henRy