How to Write Better Essays

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31 Referencing and bibliographies

In this chapter you will learn:

• the various ways of citing sources;


• how to create reference lists and useful bibliographies;


• how to acknowledge uncited sources.

Now that we’ve dealt with the most difficult judgements that we

need to make in managing our sources, we’re left with the simpler

problems of how we cite each reference and list the details of each text

we use.

The different systems for citing^1

There are a number of systems governing the way we cite references.

All seem to insist on their own conventions with the strength of reli-

gious fervour. Some insist a comma be used in places where others use

a semicolon. Many expect the date of publication to appear at differ-

ent points and would be scandalised if it appeared elsewhere. So, check

with your department to see if they have certain expectations, a system

they would like you to use. You might refer to your course guide, or its

equivalent. Failing that, ask your tutor.

Most tutors won’t mind what system you use as long as it meets

three cardinal objectives: it must be clear, accurate and consistent.

Remind yourself why you’re doing this: first, to give credit to the

author for the original ideas; and secondly, to give your readers

clear and sufficient detail for them to locate the exact reference for

themselves.

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