How to Write Better Essays

aggression. Historically, periods of famine, and carbohydrate and

protein malnutrition, have been associated with significant increases

in crime and violence.

If your material comes from more than one source

by the same author

In this case arrange your sources chronologically, separated by a

comma.

Homelessness was shown to have increased as a result of the

change in legislation and with the tighter monetary policy that

doubled interest rates over a period of two years (Williams, 1991,

1994).

If the author has published more than one work in a single year, then

cite them using a lower-case letter after the year of publication.

Williams (1994a, 1994b) has shown that higher interest rates, while

doing little to arrest the decline in value of the currency, have seri-

ously damaged companies engaged in exports and increased the

levels of home repossessions.

When a reference has more than one author

When it has two or three authors, give all the surnames, separated by

commas with the last one separated by the word ‘and’.

Recent evidence has shown that cinema attendance in the 1950s

declined less as a result of the impact of television, than through

increasing affluence and mobility (Brown, Rowe and Woodward,

1996).

Computer analysis has shown that the hundred most used words

in the English language are all of Anglo-Saxon origin, even the first

words spoken when man set foot on the moon in 1969 (Lacey and

Danziger, 1999).

If there are more than three, cite them all the first time – for example:

(Brown, Kirby, Rowe and Woodward, 1991) – but when you cite them

again, use just the first name followed by ‘et al.’ (and all the others) –

for example: (Brown et al., 1991).

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