a limited potential for large-scale
sustainable fish farm development
compared to more open coastal waters.
The development of simple guidelines
together with technological advances in
cage design and construction should ensure
that in developing countries selection of
appropriate sites is achieved and that
'overloading'of sheltered inshore sites with
aquaculture waste does not occur.
Extensive use of chemicals has caused
a number of problems to the cage farming
industry in northern Europe, including:
adverse publicity from the perceived
ecological threat of this industry; direct
loss of revenue because ofhighmortalities;
and indirect loss of revenue due to the
image of high chemical usage reflecting on
the marketability ofthe product. Reduction
of the quantity of chemicals used for
intensive cage culture of fish has taken
place in some countries as a result of
improvements in husbandry (such as the
separation of year classes), and a
recognition that high density farming in
sheltered locations may increase disease
problems through stress to the fish and
increased susceptibility to disease. To avoid
the problems noted above, methods of
reducing chemical usage should be
recognized and fully exploited in coastal
fish farming in developing countries.
Many of the conflicts between fish
farm development and other users of
coastal marine resources have arisen
because of the failure of planning
procedures to ensure that there is equitable
use of the resources. In developing
countries therefore, full use should be
made of integrated coastal zone
management procedures, such as the
Norwegian LENKA program and the
Canadian coastal inventory scheme.
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