Environment and aquaculture in developing countries

EXTERNAL INFLUENCES

1

I PERCEPTIONS Ot EYENTI.TARGETTT NEEDS

I

I I LOCAL SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXT

INNOVATION ADOPTION PROCESS

I

Am3IBUTES OF A SOClEN

RELATIVE TO INNOVATlON

(1) Pe-rmptlons regarding altrlbut68

of ~nnwaUon:

(I) simpliCity

(ii) mmpatibility

(iii) advantages

(iv) Isstability

(v) visibility

(2) MoWations for adoph

(3) Dedsionmdng and rii-hking

Kinship system

Land tenure and rwurce righb

Ac-s 10 resour~~s

Aulhority-power 6trucUres

and leadership

SDdal6lai116 saatification

Community mhesivenes8

Levelling and soda1 controls

Bellef sysrems

I

IMPACTS OF AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT ON

SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTS

(1) Households

(a) Land tenure and use righb

(b) Oedsionmaking and perceptions of risk

(c) (d) Land. Emorgenm labor and physical of entrepreneurship Inputs

(2) Inba-mmmunity

(a) sdal status stratilicallon

(b) Authority-per structures and leadership

(c) Community mhesiveness

(d) le) Implementation Belief svstems of social control mechanisms

(3) ~eedbackto ixternal influences

la) Conoeobd and alannlns debclenoss

Fig. 2. Paradigm of potential impacts of aquaculture innovation on social environments.

or in-kind income. There are other
relatively minor objectives.
But aquaculture is a new and not
uncommonly strange technology to many
organizations involved in development,
and most members of assistance
organizations, versed mainly in
agricultural development, are ill-equipped
to assess either the merits of aquatic food
production, the difficulty of sustaining
aquaculture where there has been no

continuous tradition of it, or the potential

negative impact on environments and

societies of inappropriate aquaculture

development. On the other hand,

aquaculture is often promoted vigorously

as a panacea by specialists with vested

interests in it. Thus given the precarious

nutritional circumstances under which

vast numbers of people in developing

countries exist, coupled with the incidence

of hunger and the occurrence of outright