Mutuality, resistance and egalitarianism^69in several contemporary political and religious movements in the re-
gion. Concomitantly so is the desire or expectation to one day restore
it. See René Pélissier, ‘A la Recherche d’un Dieu Anti-Colonialiste’,
in La Colonie du Minotaure. Nationalismes et Révoltes en Angola
(1926–1961) (Orgeval: Éditions Pélissier, 1978); and Ramon Sarró,
Fátima Viegas and Ruy Blanes, ‘La Guerre en temps de Paix. Ethnicité
et Angolanité dans l’Église Kimbanguiste de Luanda’, Politique
Africaine 110 (2008), 84–101.
- Georges Balandier, ‘Messianismes et Colonialismes en Afrique
Noire’, Cahiers Internationaux de Sociologie 14 (1952), 1–65; Alfredo
Margarido, ‘The Tokoist Church and Portuguese Colonialism in
Angola’, in Protest and Resistance in Angola and Brazil. Comparative
Studies, ed. by R. Chilcote (Berkeley and London: University of
California Press, 1972), 29–52; Wyatt MacGaffey, Religion and
Society in Central Africa: The BaKongo of Lower Zaire (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1986); Jean-Luc Vellut, ‘The Congo
Basin and Angola’, in General History of Africa, VI, Africa in the
Nineteenth Century until the 1880s, VV.AA. (London: James Currey
& UNESCO, 1989); and Luena Pereira, ‘Os Bakongo de Angola:
Religião, Política e Parentesco num Bairro de Luanda’, PhD Thesis,
Department of Anthropology, University of São Paulo, 2004. - The ABAKO, one of the first grassroots autochthon political asso-
ciations in the region, was one of the main protagonists of Bakongo
nationalism against the Belgian colony. - Edmundo Rocha also notes that Léopoldville also harboured many
Portuguese Catholic priests, critical of the colonial endeavour and
the role played by the Catholic hierarchies in the process. They were
certainly inspired by the Catholic worker unions that developed in
Europe and North America. Edmundo Rocha, Contribuição ao Estudo
da Génese do Nacionalismo Moderno Angolano: período de 1950–
1964: testemunho e estudo documental (Luanda: Kilombelombe,
2003). See also Mary Segers, ‘Equality and Christian Anarchism: The
Political and Social Ideas of the Catholic Worker Movement’, The
Review of Politics 40, 2 (1978), 196–230; and Maria Inácia Rezola,
O Sindicalismo Católico no Estado Novo (Lisbon: Estampa, 1999). - Georges Balandier, ‘Messianismes et Colonialismes en Afrique
Noire’; and Sociologie Actuelle de l’Afrique Noire (Paris: Presses
Universitaires de France, 1955).