Gidal, Tim.Modern Photojournalism: Origin and Evolution,
1910–1933. New York: Macmillan, 1973.
The History of Photography. Woodbridge, CT: Research
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Kazanjian, Dodie, and Calvin Tompkins.Alex: The Life of
Alexander Liberman. New York: Knopf, 1993.
Kieseyer, Ute, and Simone Philippi.Alfred Stieglitz Camera
Work: The Complete Illustrations 1903–1917.Ko ̈ln and
New York: Taschen, 1997.
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edition. New York: Abbeville Press, 1984, 1997.PERIODICALS: PROFESSIONAL
Most of the hundreds of professional photography
newsletters, journals, and magazines founded in the
twentieth century began circulation in the United
States, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and
Japan. Across the board, these publications focused
on addressing the educational and career-advancing
needs of professionals, as well as aspiring profes-
sionals. As the market for commercial and fine art
photography quickly became self-perpetuating, many
magazines reflected an ever-changing industry on
both sides of the lens, from technological advances
in equipment to new ideas for portfolio presentation.
These periodicals set themselves apart by creat-
ing a unique framework of editorial and visual
content that would appeal to a clearly defined read-
ership, existing within what is now known as the
niche publishing market. Publishers established
and drew from what eventually became standard
elements of photography magazines, such as photo
industry news and trends; camera tests and reviews;
buying guides; classified advertising; photographic
and lighting techniques; art and commercial photo-
graphy portfolios; interviews with artists, critics,
publishing professionals, curators, gallery owners,
artist representatives, and lawyers; legal advice;
contests; events; exhibition listings; freelancing
advice; and profiles of professional photographers.
Special-interest magazines for photography pro-
fessionals existed as far back as 1854, when The
Royal Photographic Society began publishing the
weeklyBritish Journal of Photographyin London.
Later known as theRPS Journal, the now-monthly
publication includes portfolios and news articles,
and it reached a paid circulation of 8,000 by its
150-year anniversary. The magazine publishing
industry began to bloom internationally in the early
1900s, primarily in the United States and Europe. In
1897 Alfred Stieglitz foundedCamera Notes, a pop-
ular quarterly that was distributed to members of the
Camera Club of New York throughout its six-year
lifespan. Other publications that drew the attention
of serious photographers included the Philadelphia
and Baltimore-basedCamera(1897–1953), Photo-
Era (1898–1932) in Boston, and Camera Craft
(1900–1942) in San Francisco.
The growing commercialization of products in the
American media of the 1920s and 1930s gave way to
a flourishing market for advertising photography. In
a 1929 book calledIllustrative Photography in Adver-
tising, Leonard Williams described methods for
approaching ‘‘pictorial publicity photography.’’ In
1934, editor Charles Abel renamed Abel’s Photo-
graphic Weekly, which his father Juan started pub-
lishing in 1907, toThe Professional Photographer.
The revamped publication also became a bimonthly,
official magazine of the Photographers’ Association
of America (PAA), an organization that billed itself
as the largest non-profit group for professional
photographers in the world. Abel eventually com-
bined his monthly magazineCommercial Photogra-
pher(1925–1950) with the journal known simply as
Professional Photographer.The expanded publica-
tion balanced technical guidance for studio photo-
graphers with editorials about the artistic and
economic aspects of the photography business.
PAA, which changed its name to Professional
Photographers of America in 1958, launchedPhoto-
Electronic Imaging(PEI).PERIODICALS: HISTORICAL