changeable elements. Such conceptualist influences
can also be seen in the works of Lucia Nimcova ́,
who creates diaries of unfocused color images with
playful adjustments. Other Slovak artists have turn
to the political commentary; for example, Tibor
Taka ́ts takes photographs of the voters of Slovak
political movement, HZDS, and enlarges them.
These enlarged images disclose features turning
the faces of specific individuals into highly aesthe-
ticized art objects.
AllaMyzelevSeealso:Alpert, Max; Modernism; Pictorialism;
Propaganda; Schlabs, Bronislaw; Shaikhet, Arkady;
Sudek, Josef; Vishniac, Roman; War Photography;
Zero 61
Further Reading
Out of Eastern Europe: Private Photography. Cambridge,
MA: 1987.
‘‘Crossing Borders: Contemporary Czech and Slovak
Photography.’’Apertureno. 152, (Fall 1998).
Birgus, Vladimir.Czech Photographic Avant-Garde, 1918–
1948. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002.
Csa ́derova ́, Judita, Va ́clav Macek, and Lucia Laczko ́, eds.
Mesiac fotografie 1995(Month of Photography 1995).
Bratislava: Nada ́cia FOTOFO, 1995.
Fowkes, Reuben. ‘‘Wandering the Streets of Socialism: a
Discussion of the Street Photography of Arno Fischer
and Ursula Arnold.’’ InSocialist Spaces: Sites of Every-
day Life in the Eastern Bloc.Oxford and New York:
Berg, 2002.
Hughes, Robert.The Shock of the New. New York: Alfred
A. Knopf, 1991.
King, David.The Commissar Vanishes: The Falsification of
Photographs and Art in Stalin’s Russia.New York:
Metropolitan Books, 1997.
Kiaer, Christina. ‘‘Photographs for a Russian Future:
Oxford Museum of Modern Art Exhibition Photogra-
phy in Russia 1840–1940.’’Art in America, 81, no.5
(1993).
Margolin, Victor.The struggle for utopia : Rodchenko, Lis-
sitzky, Moholy-Nagy, 1917–1946. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1997.
Mulligan, Therese, and David Wooters, eds.Photography
from 1839 to Today: George Eastman House, Rochester,
NY. Cologne: Taschen, 1999.
Sobota, Adam. ‘‘Art Photography in Poland, 1900–1939.’’
History of Photography4, no. 1 (1980).
Tupitsyn, Margarita.The Soviet Photograph 1924–1937.
New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.
Vishniac, Roman, and Marion Wiesel.To Give Them Light:
The Legacy of Roman Vishniac.London: Viking and
New York and Toronto: Simon & Schuster, 1993.
Williams, Gilda.Boris Mikhailov. London: Phaidon, 2001.Josef Koudelka, ‘‘Gipsies,’’ Slovakia, Bardejov, Czechoslo-
vakia, 1967.
[#Josef Koudelka/Magnum Photos]RUSSIA AND EASTERN EUROPE, PHOTOGRAPHY IN