authored Ten Years of Dominican Photography,
published in 1978. Mariano Hernandez, born in
Jimani in 1954, studied photography in 1978 at
the UASD of Santo Domingo, was a founding
member of Fotogrupo, and exhibited throughout
Central America.
Costa Rican Victoria Cabezas Green, born in
San Jose in 1950, studied photography in the Uni-
ted States at the Pratt Institute in New York. Green
exhibited and taught in Costa Rica. After studying
photography, Giorgio Timm, born in Esparza
Costa Rica in 1947, worked and exhibited his
photography in Costa Rica and abroad.
In Barbados, Ronnie Carrington, born in Barba-
dos in 1949, trained in New York was active as a
photographer and in video and television produc-
tion in Barbados and other Caribbean countries.
Tony Lynch, born in Barbados in 1946, studied in
the Caribbean and New York and was a freelance
photojournalist who was also very active with
photo clubs.
In Puerto Rico, Frieda, Medin Ojeda, born in
San Juan in 1949, was educated in the United
States and Puerto Rico. Ojeda worked as a free-
lance photographer and was widely published and
internationally exhibited. She also worked in film-
making and installations. Finally, Victor Vazquez,
born in San Juan, studied sociology and psychol-
ogy, and worked internationally as a self-
employed photographer.
In Jamaica, Owen Minott, born in Jamaica in
1925, was influenced by Amador Packer. Minott
received many awards and exhibited in Jamaica. At
the end of the century, Cecil Norman Ward, born
in Jamaica in1984, studied in Canada, traveled and
worked in Kenya, then freelanced with art, photo-
graphy, and architecture in Jamaica.
Though far from complete, this list illustrates the
dynamic and eclectic complexities concerning
twentieth-century photography in Central Amer-
ica. Many photographers are working within the
worlds of both journalism and art, or by combing
art photography and art education. By the late
1990s, the increasing popularity of web galleries
provided some Central American photographers
with opportunities to showcase their work without
the more expensive and cumbersome channels of
traditional exhibition or publication activity. Perdo
Meyer presents the work of international and
many Central American photographers on the
web siteZonezero.
In 2001, a meeting of the Popular Culture Asso-
ciation and the 5th Congress of the Americas in
Mexico City solicited presentations on photogra-
phy in Mexico, Latin and Central America, and the
Caribbean, citing photography as one of the most
primary of common denominators between cul-
tures worldwide, noting that much of the intense
national and cultural struggles for identity in twen-
tieth-century Central America have been recorded
on film.
BRUCEMcKaigSeealso: Archives; Documentary Photography;
Kozloff, Max; Photography in Latin America: An
Overview; Photography in Mexico; Portraiture;
Propaganda; Socialist PhotographyFurther Reading
Billeter, Erika.Fotografia Lateinamerika—1860 bis huete.
Zurich: Kunsthaus Zurich, 1981. (Fotografia latinoa-
mericana, desde 1860 hasta nuestros dias. Madrid: El
Viso, 1981).
Billeter, Erika. Canto a la realidad: Fotografia Latinoamer-
icana 1860–1993. Madrid, Casa de America: Lunwerg
Editores, SA, 1993.
Cagan, Steve. ‘‘Made in Latin America.’’Afterimagevol. 15
no. 1 (1987).
Gutierrez, Ramon.Bibliografia sobre Historia de la fotogra-
fia en la America Latina. Rio de Janeiro: FUNARTE,
1997.
Levine, Robert M. Ed.,Windows on Latin America. Coral
Gables Florida: North-South Center, University of
Miami, 1987.
Museum of Modern Art in Latin America,. OAS,Images of
Silence: Photography from Latin America and the Car-
ibbean in the 80s. Washington DC: OAS, 1989.
Parada, Esther. ‘‘Notes on Latin American Photography.’’
Afterimagevol. 9 nos. 1 & 2 (summer 1981).
Polo, Miguel Angel Yanez.Fotografia Latinoamericana:
Tendencias Actuales. La Rabida (Huelva) 1991.
Ramney, Edward. ‘‘Recent Latin American Photography
Books.’’Latin American Research Review, vol. 26 no. 3
(1991).
Rosenblum Naomi. ‘‘Changes Below the Border.’’After-
image, vol. 15 no. 1 (summer 1987).
Rosenblum, Naomi.A World History of Photography. New
York: Abbeville Press, 1997.
Watriss, Wendy, and Lois Parkinson Zamora, eds.Image
and Memory: Photography from Latin America, 1866–
1994. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998.
http://www.zonezero.com. Zonezero from analog to digital photo-
graphy.
http://www.lib.usc.edu/retter/pelatam1.html. History of Latin
American Photography homepage.
http://www.mal217.org/. La Maison de l’Amerique Latine Paris.
France homepage.CENTRAL AMERICA, PHOTOGRAPHY IN