documentary films that emerged from their solid
foundation in photography.
One of the most striking phenomena during this
period was the impact the Institute of Design had
on graduate photographic education nationwide.
As the country began to devote more funds and
efforts toward higher education in the 1960s and
1970s, new colleges began to sprout up and old
ones expanded their art departments. The ID, at
this time, was one of the few institutions to train
photography teachers, and an extraordinary num-
ber of its graduates went on to head or found
photographic programs. In the process, the ID’s
graduates exported its unique pedagogy: problem-
based learning, with emphasis on a significant body
of work, rooted in the European avant-garde and
tempered by American individual subjectivity.
After Siegel died in 1978, the school’s last link to
the New Bauhaus was gone. By then, the ID was
already heading in some different directions, away
from the kind of photography that had been prac-
ticed for its first four decades. Film and animation
were eventually cut from the curriculum, and,
under the direction of John Grimes, the school
began early on to investigate digital technologies.
Grimes hired such teachers as David Plowden,
Patty Carroll, and Jay Wolke to continue the
instruction of photography, and after 1985, the
two possible areas for specialization became com-
puter imaging and documentary photography. The
graduate program continued through the early
1990s, but the undergraduate program in photo-
graphy was eliminated in 1994, and the concomi-
tant loss of faculty eventually shrank the master’s
program as well; the last strictly photographic the-
ses were completed in 2001. Photography has now
been absorbed, as a tool of visual communications,
into the graduate design program as a whole—in a
way, returning the school and the program to
Moholy-Nagy’s original goals of a more integrated
education.
ElizabethSiegelSeealso:Abbott, Berenice; Architectural Photogra-
phy; Bauhaus; Blumenfeld, Erwin; Callahan, Harry;
Connor, Linda; Digital Photography; Documentary
Photography; Industrial Photography; Ishimoto, Yasu-
hiro; Josephson, Kenneth; Manipulation; Modernism;
Moholy-Nagy, La ́szlo ́; Multiple Exposures and Print-
ing; Museum of Modern Art; Newhall, Beaumont,
Plowden, David; Nude Photography; Photogram;
Sandwiched Negatives; Siskind, Aaron; Solarization;
Sommer, Frederick; Strand, Paul; Street Photography;
Stryker, Roy; Winogrand, GarryFurther Reading
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