cus of traditional state-centric security be redefined
and redirected to the individual, with an emphasis
on underlying social, political, and economic reforms.
Human security is interpreted both narrowly and
broadly, focusing on seven categories of threats (Table
- which addresses both freedom from fear and want
(UNDP 1994). Environmental security is treated as
one of the seven main categories of threats within this
construct. Human security is increasingly shaping for-
eign and domestic agendas. The European Union has
developed a Human Security Doctrine for Europe (Liotta
and Owens 2004). The U.S. Department of State is
currently reorganizing in accordance with its Qua-
drennial Diplomacy and Development Review and
established an Under Secretary for Civilian Security,
Democracy, and Human Rights to reportedly promote
stability and security in fragile states and advance hu-
man security (Warner 2011).
Sustainable Security
It has recently been proposed that field security be
expanded to encompass the more comprehensive con-
cepts of sustainability and sustainable development.
Not surprisingly, a new term, “sustainable security,”
has been suggested to facilitate critical integration of
state, human, and environmental security and to ad-
dress the three major pillars of sustainability: society,
economy, and nature (Khagram 2003). Sustainable
security focuses on the root causes of insecurity and
the threats affecting the generational quality of life
(e.g., unsustainable land practices, inequitable natural
resource distribution, and energy-sector inefficien-
cies). It recognizes long-term responses are needed
to address such threats. For example, early national
security strategies were supportive, and emphasized