Infectious Diseases in Critical Care Medicine

Table 5

Risk Factors for Acquisition of VRE from Studies in ICUs

Publications

Type of ICU

Risk Factors

Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI)

p

Value

Karanfil et al. (151)

Cardiothoracic

Vancomycin use

Sole predictor in the logisticregression model

Slaughter et al. (152)

Medical

Length of stay in ICU



5 day

0.08 (0.02–0.39)

a

Enteral feeding

6.09 (1.56–23.7)

Sucralfate

3.26 (1.09–9.72)

Bonten et al. (64)

Medical

Colonization pressure

1.032 (1.012–1.052)

b

0.002

Proportion of days with enteral feeding

1.009 (1.000–1.017)

b

0.05

Proportion of patient days with cephalosporin use

1.007 (0.999–1.015)

b

0.11

Falk et al. (138)

Burn

Presence of diarrhea

43.9 (5.5 to infinity)

0.0001

Administration of an antacid

24.2 (2.9 to infinity)

0.002

Gardiner et al. (153)

Medical

Enteral feedings

19 (2.02–177.9)

<

0.05

Padiglione et al. (154)

Multicenter study—mixed

ICUs and transplant units

Renal unit patients

4.62 (1.22–17)

b

0.02

Carbapenems

2.84 (1.02–7.96)

b

0.048

Ticarcillin–clavulanate

3.64 (1.13–11.64)

b

0.03

Martinez et al. (155)

Medical

Hospitalization for more than one week before MICU admission 18.5 (1.1–301.0)

0.04

Administration of vancomycin before or during an ICU

admission

6.3 (1.2–34.0)

0.03

Administration of quinolones before or during MICU admission 14.8 (1.2–180.0)

0.04

Location in a high-risk MICU room

c

81.7 (2.2–3092.0)

0.02

Warren et al. (156)

Medical

Increasing age

1.02 (1.01–1.03)

Hospitalization in the 6 months prior to current admission

2.74 (2.21–3.40)

Admission from a long-term care facility

1.30 (1.14–1.47)

aProtective factor.bHazard ratios.cA room that proved to be contaminated after postpatient discharge cleaning.Abbreviations

: VRE, vancomycin-resistant enterococci; ICU, intensive care unit; MICU, medical intensive care unit.

MRSA/VRE Colonization and Infection in the Critical Care Unit 115