- Zaas AK, Song X, Tucker P, et al. Risk factors for development of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal
 bloodstream infection in patients with cancer who are colonized with vancomycin-resistant
 enterococci. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35(10):1139–1146.
- Raad II, Hanna HA, Boktour M, et al. Catheter-related vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus faecium
 bacteremia: clinical and molecular epidemiology. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26(7):658–661.
- Hussain Z, Shaikh A, Peloquin CA, et al. Successful treatment of vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus
 faeciummeningitis with linezolid: case report and literature review. Scand J Infect Dis 2001;33(5):
 375–379.
- Steinmetz MP, Vogelbaum MA, DeGeorgia MA, et al. Successful treatment of vancomycin-resistant
 Enterococcus meningitis with linezolid: case report and review of the literature. Crit Care Med
 2001;29(12):2383–2385.
- Wong AHM, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Epidemiology of bacteriuria caused by vancomycin-resistant
 enterococci: a retrospective study. Am J Infect Control 2000;28(4):277–281.
- Malik RK, Montecalvo MA, Reale MR, et al. Epidemiology and control of vancomycin-resistant
 enterococci in a regional neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999;18(4):352–356.
- Singh N, Leger M-M, Campbell J, et al. Control of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the neonatal
 intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26(7):646–649.
- Sherer CR, Sprague BM, Campos JM, et al. Characterizing vancomycin-resistant enterococci in
 neonatal intensive care. Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11(9):1470–1472.
- Bonten MJM, Hayden MK, Nathan C, et al. Epidemiology of colonization of patients and
 environment with vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Lancet 1996;348(9042):1615–1619.
- Montecalvo MA, Shay DK, Gedris C, et al. A semiquantitative analysis of the fecal flora of patients
 with vancomycin-resistant enterococci: colonized patients pose an infection control risk. Clin Infect
 Dis 1997;25(10):929–930.
- Ostrowsky BE, Venkataraman L, D’Agata EMC, et al. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci in intensive
 care units: high frequency of stool carriage during a non-outbreak period. Arch Intern Med 1999;159
 (13):1467–1472.
- Falk PS, Winnike J, Woodmansee C, et al. Outbreak of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a burn
 unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000;21(9):575–582.
- Boyce JM, Mermel LA, Zervos MJ, et al. Controlling vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Infect Control
 Hosp Epidemiol 1995:16(11):634–637.
- Tenorio AR, Badri SM, Sahgal NB, et al. Effectiveness of gloves in the prevention of hand carriage of
 vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus species by health care workers after patient care. Clin Infect Dis
 2001;32(5):826–829.
- Ray AJ, Taub TF. Nosocomial transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from surfaces.
 JAMA 2002;287(11):1400–1401.
- Duckro AN, Blom DW, Lyle EA, et al. Transfer of vancomycin-resistant enterococci via health care
 worker hands. Arch Intern Med 2005;165(3):302–307.
- Hayden MK, Blom DW, Lyle EA, et al. Risk of hand or glove contamination after contact with
 patients colonized with vancomycin-resistantEnterococcusor the colonized patients’ environment.
 Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29(2):149–154.
- Reisner BS, Shaw S, Huber ME, et al. Comparison of three methods to recover vancomycin-resistant
 enterococci (VRE) from perianal and environmental samples collected during a hospital outbreak of
 VRE. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000;21(12):775–779.
- Noskin GA, Stosor V, Cooper I, et al. Recovery of vancomycin-resistant enterococci on fingertips and
 environmental surfaces. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16(10):577–581.
- Bonilla HF, Zervos MJ, Kauffman CA. Long-term survival of vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus
 faeciumon a contaminated surface. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996;17(12):770–771.
- Livornese LL Jr., Dias S, Samel C, et al. Hospital-acquired infection with vancomycin-resistant
 Enterococcus faeciumtransmitted by electronic thermometers. Ann Intern Med 1992;117(2):112–116.
- Loeb M, Salama S, Armstrong-Evans M, et al. A case-control study to detect modifiable risk factors
 for colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999;
 20(11):760–763.
- Byers KE, Anglim AM, Anneski CJ, et al. A hospital epidemic of vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus:
 risk factors and control. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22(3):140–147.
- Cetinkaya Y, Falk PS, Mayhall CG. Effect of gastrointestinal bleeding and oral medications on
 acquisition of vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus faeciumin hospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis
 2002;35(8):935–942.
- Karanfil LV, Murphy M, Josephson A, et al. A cluster of vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus faeciumin
 an intensive care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1992:13(4):195–200.
MRSA/VRE Colonization and Infection in the Critical Care Unit 125
