- Yu VL, Kroboth FJ, Shonnard J, et al. Legionnaires’ disease: new clinical perspective from a
prospective pneumonia study. Am J Med 1982; 73(3):357–361. - El-Solh AA, Aquilina AT, Dhillon RS, et al. Impact of invasive strategy on management of
antimicrobial treatment failure in institutionalized older people with severe pneumonia. Am J Respir
Crit Care Med 2002; 166(8):1038–1043. - Lim WS, Macfarlane JT. A prospective comparison of nursing home acquired pneumonia with
community acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2001; 18(2):362–368. - Luna CM, Vujacich P, Niederman MS, et al. Impact of BAL data on the therapy and outcome of
ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1997; 111(3):676–685. - Torres A, Puig de la Bellacasa J, Xaubet A, et al. Diagnostic value of quantitative cultures of
bronchoalveolar lavage and telescoping plugged catheters in mechanically ventilated patients with
bacterial pneumonia. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140(2):306–310. - Mayhall CG. Nosocomial pneumonia. Diagnosis and prevention. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997; 11(2):
427–457. - Marik PE, Careau P. The role of anaerobes in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and
aspiration pneumonia: a prospective study. Chest 1999; 115(1):178–183. - Bouza E, Guinea J, Pelaez T, et al. Workload due toAspergillus fumigatusand significance of the
organism in the microbiology laboratory of a general hospital. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43(5):2075–2079. - el-Ebiary M, Torres A, Fabregas N, et al. Significance of the isolation ofCandidaspecies from
respiratory samples in critically ill, non-neutropenic patients. An immediate postmortem histologic
study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156(2 Pt 1):583–590. - Krasinski K, Holzman RS, Hanna B, et al. Nosocomial fungal infection during hospital renovation.
Infect Control 1985; 6(7):278–282. - Lentino JR, Rosenkranz MA, Michaels JA, et al. Nosocomial aspergillosis: a retrospective review of
airborne disease secondary to road construction and contaminated air conditioners. Am J Epidemiol
1982; 116(3):430–437. - Loo VG, Bertrand C, Dixon C, et al. Control of construction-associated nosocomial aspergillosis in an
antiquated hematology unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996; 17(6):360–364. - Gage AA, Dean DC, Schimert G, et al.Aspergillusinfection after cardiac surgery. Arch Surg 1970; 101
(3):384–387. - Hall CB, Douglas RG Jr. Nosocomial influenza infection as a cause of intercurrent fevers in infants.
Pediatrics 1975; 55(5):673–677. - Graman PS, Hall CB. Epidemiology and control of nosocomial viral infections. Infect Dis Clin North
Am 1989; 3(4):815–841. - Pachucki CT, Pappas SA, Fuller GF, et al. Influenza A among hospital personnel and patients.
Implications for recognition, prevention, and control. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149(1):77–80. - Evans ME, Hall KL, Berry SE. Influenza control in acute care hospitals. Am J Infect Control 1997; 25(4):
357–362. - Hoffman PC, Dixon RE. Control of influenza in the hospital. Ann Intern Med 1977; 87(6):725–728.
- Bouza E, Torres M, Catala ́n P, et al. Incidence and significance of Herpes simplex virus (HSV) in
bacterial ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP): a prospective study. In: ASM, editor. 45th
Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.; Washington, D.C., 2005. - Lode HM, Schaberg T, Raffenberg M, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in the critical care unit. Crit Care
Clin 1998; 14(1):119–133. - Craven DE, Steger KA. Hospital-acquired pneumonia: perspectives for the healthcare epidemiol-
ogist. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18(11):783–795. - Bonten MJ, Kollef MH, Hall JB. Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia: from epidemiology
to patient management. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38(8):1141–1149. - Bruchhaus JD, McEachern R, Campbell GD Jr. Hospital-acquired pneumonia: recent advances in
diagnosis, microbiology and treatment. Curr Opin Pulm Med 1998; 4(3):180–184. - Morehead RS, Pinto SJ. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160(13):1926–1936.
- Combes A, Figliolini C, Trouillet JL, et al. Factors predicting ventilator-associated pneumonia
recurrence. Crit Care Med 2003; 31(4):1102–1107. - Fleming CA, Balaguera HU, Craven DE. Risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia. Focus on
prophylaxis. Med Clin North Am 2001; 85(6):1545–1563. - Tejada Artigas A, Bello Dronda S, Chacon Valles E, et al. Risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia in
critically ill trauma patients. Crit Care Med 2001; 29(2):304–309. - Lynch JP III. Hospital-acquired pneumonia: risk factors, microbiology, and treatment. Chest 2001;
119(2 suppl):373S–384S. - Ibrahim EH, Tracy L, Hill C, et al. The occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a
community hospital: risk factors and clinical outcomes. Chest 2001; 120(2):555–561.
Nosocomial Pneumonia in Critical Care 199