Infectious Diseases in Critical Care Medicine

119. Kelleghan SI, Salemi C, Padilla S, et al. An effective continuous quality improvement approach to the
     prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Infect Control 1993; 21(6):322–330.


120. Dodek P, Keenan S, Cook D, et al. Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the prevention of
     ventilator-associated pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 2004; 141(4):305–313.


121. Resar R, Pronovost P, Haraden C, et al. Using a bundle approach to improve ventilator care processes
     and reduce ventilator-associated pneumonia. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf 2005; 31(5):243–248.


122. Kollef MH, Sherman G, Ward S, et al. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: a risk factor
     for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. Chest 1999; 115(2):462–474.


123. Haley RW, Culver DH, White JW, et al. The efficacy of infection surveillance and control programs
     in preventing nosocomial infections in US hospitals. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 121(2):182–205.


124. Haley RW, Morgan WM, Culver DH, et al. Update from the SENIC project. Hospital infection
     control: recent progress and opportunities under prospective payment. Am J Infect Control 1985; 13(3):
     97–108.


125. Iregui M, Ward S, Sherman G, et al. Clinical importance of delays in the initiation of appropriate
     antibiotic treatment for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 2002; 122(1):262–268.


126. Wang C, Shang M, Huang K. [Sequential non-invasive following short-term invasive mechanical
     ventilation in COPD induced hypercapnic respiratory failure]. Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi
     2000; 23(4):212–216.


127. Dries DJ, McGonigal MD, Malian MS, et al. Protocol-driven ventilator weaning reduces use of
     mechanical ventilation, rate of early reintubation, and ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Trauma
     2004; 56(5):943–951; discussion 951–952.


128. Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O’Connor MF, et al. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill
     patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 2000; 342(20):1471–1477.


129. Needleman J, Buerhaus P, Mattke S, et al. Nurse-staffing levels and the quality of care in hospitals.
     N Engl J Med 2002; 346(22):1715–1722.


130. Marelich GP, Murin S, Battistella F, et al. Protocol weaning of mechanical ventilation in medical and
     surgical patients by respiratory care practitioners and nurses: effect on weaning time and incidence
     of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 2000; 118(2):459–467.


131. Moller MG, Slaikeu JD, Bonelli P, et al. Early tracheostomy versus late tracheostomy in the surgical
     intensive care unit. Am J Surg 2005; 189(3):293–296.


132. Holzapfel L, Chastang C, Demingeon G, et al. A randomized study assessing the systematic search
     for maxillary sinusitis in nasotracheally mechanically ventilated patients. Influence of nosocomial
     maxillary sinusitis on the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med
     1999; 159(3):695–701.


133. van Nieuwenhoven CA, Buskens E, Bergmans DC, et al. Oral decontamination is cost-saving in the
     prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in intensive care units. Crit Care Med 2004; 32(1):
     126–130.


134. DeRiso AJ II, Ladowski JS, Dillon TA, et al. Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.12% oral rinse reduces the
     incidence of total nosocomial respiratory infection and nonprophylactic systemic antibiotic use in
     patients undergoing heart surgery. Chest 1996; 109(6):1556–1561.


135. Bergmans DC, Bonten MJ, Gaillard CA, et al. Prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia by oral
     decontamination: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Respir
     Crit Care Med 2001; 164(3):382–388.


136. Segers P, Speekenbrink RG, Ubbink DT, et al. Prevention of nosocomial infection in cardiac surgery
     by decontamination of the nasopharynx and oropharynx with chlorhexidine gluconate: a
     randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006; 296(20):2460–2466.


137. Silvestri L, van Saene JJ, van Saene HK, et al. Topical chlorhexidine and ventilator-associated
     pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2007; 35(10):2468.


138. Houston S, Hougland P, Anderson JJ, et al. Effectiveness of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse
     in reducing prevalence of nosocomial pneumonia in patients undergoing heart surgery. Am J Crit
     Care 2002; 11(6):567–570.


139. Chan EY, Ruest A, Meade MO, et al. Oral decontamination for prevention of pneumonia in
     mechanically ventilated adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2007; 334(7599):889.


140. D^0 Amico R, Pifferi S, Leonetti C, et al. Effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in critically ill adult
     patients: systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 1998; 316(7140):1275–1285.


141. van Nieuwenhoven CA, Buskens E, van Tiel FH, et al. Relationship between methodological trial
     quality and the effects of selective digestive decontamination on pneumonia and mortality in
     critically ill patients. JAMA 2001; 286(3):335–340.


142. Lingnau W, Berger J, Javorsky F, et al. Changing bacterial ecology during a five-year period of
     selective intestinal decontamination. J Hosp Infect 1998; 39(3):195–206.

Nosocomial Pneumonia in Critical Care 201