Infectious Diseases in Critical Care Medicine

6. McGowan JE, Rose RC, Jacobs NF, et al. Fever in hospitalized patients. Am J Med 1987; 82:580–586.


7. Ryan M, Levy MM. Clinical review: fever in intensive care unit patients. Crit Care 2003; 7:221–225.


8. Stumacher RJ. Fever in the ICU. Infect Dis Pract 1996; 20:89–92.


9. Tu RP, Cunha BA. Significance of fever in the neurosurgical intensive care unit. Heart Lung 1988;
   17:608–611.


10. Marik PE. Fever in the ICU. Chest 2000; 117:855–869.


11. Cunha BA. Bacteremia and septicemia. In: Rakel RE, Bope ET, eds. Conn’s Current Therapy—2003.
    55th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2004:113–118.


12. Gabbay DS, Cunha BA. Pseudosepsis secondary to bilateral adrenal hemorrhage. Heart Lung 1998;
    27:348–351.


13. Lai KK, Melvin ZS, Menard MJ, et al.Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: epidemiology, risk
    factors, and infection control. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18:628–632.


14. Boulant JA. The preoptic-anterior hypothalamus in thermoregulation and fever. Clin Infect Dis 2000;
    31:S157–S161.


15. Cunha BA. Fever in malignant disorders. Infect Dis Pract 2004; 28:335–336.


16. Engoren M. Lack of association between atelectasis and fever. Chest 1995; 107:81–84.


17. Garibaldi RA, Brodine S, Matsumiya S, et al. Evidence for the noninfectious etiology of early
    postoperative fever. Infect Control 1985; 6:273–277.


18. Murray HW, Ellis GC, Blumenthal DS, et al. Fever and pulmonary thromboembolism. Am J Med
    1979; 67:232–235.


19. Paradisi F, Corti G, Mangani V. Urosepsis in the critical care unit. Crit Care Clin 1998; 114:165–180.


20. Warren JW. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1997; 11:609–619.


21. Cunha BA, Gill MV, Lazar J. Acute infective endocarditis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1996; 10:811–834.


22. Marx N, Neumann FJ, Ott I, et al. Induction of cytokine expression in leukocytes in acute myocardial
    infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30:165–170.


23. Caines C, Gill MV, Cunha BA. Non-Clostridium difficilenosocomial diarrhea in the intensive care unit.
    Heart Lung 1997; 26:83–84.


24. Barton JC. Nonhemolytic, noninfectious transfusion reactions. Semin Hematol 1981; 18:95–121.


25. Ferrara JL. The febrile platelet transfusion reaction: a cytokine shower. Transfusion 1995; 35:89–90.


26. Fenwick JC, Cameron M, Naiman SC, et al. Blood transfusion as a cause of leucocytosis in critically ill
    patients. Lancet 1994; 344:855–856.


27. Cunha BA. The diagnostic approach to rash and fever in the CCU. Crit Care Clin 1998; 8:35–54.


28. Petersen SR, Sheldon GF. Acute acalculous cholecystitis: a complication of hyperalimentation. Am J
    Surg 1979; 138:814–817.


29. Marik PE, Andrews L, Maini B. The incidence of deep venous thrombosis in ICU patients. Chest 1997;
    111:661–664.


30. Hamid N, Spadafora P, Khalife ME, Cunha, BA. Pseudosepsis: rectus sheath hematoma mimicing
    septic shock. Heart Lung 2006; 35:434–437.


31. Mieszczanska H, Lazar J, Cunha BA. Cardiovascular manifestations of sepsis. Infect Dis Prac 2003;
    27:183–186.


32. Wormser GP, Ororato IM, Preminger TJ, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of blood cultures obtained
    through intravascular catheters. Crit Care Med 1990; 18:152–156.


33. Johnson DH, Cunha BA. Drug fever. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1996; 10:85–91.


34. Mackowiak PA, LeMaistre CF. Drug fever: a critical appraisal of conventional concepts. Ann Intern
    Med 1987; 106:728–733.


35. Mackowiak PA. Drug fever: mechanisms, maxims and misconceptions. Am J Med Sci 1987; 294:
    275–286.


36. Fernandez-Hidalgo N, Almirante B, Tornos P, et al. Contemporary epidemiology and prognosis of
    health care-associated infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:1287–1296.


37. Bartlett JG, Gerding DN. Clinical recognition and diagnosis ofClostridium difficileinfection. Clin Infect
    Dis 2008; 46:12–18.


38. Maki DG. Pathogenesis, prevention, and management of infections due to intravascular devices used
    for infusion therapy. In: Bisno A, Waldvogel F, eds. Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical
    Devices. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1989:161–177.


39. Williams JF, Seneff MG, Friedman BC, et al. Use of femoral venous catheters in critically ill adults:
    prospective study. Crit Care Med 1991; 19:550–553.


40. Rouby JJ, Laurent P, Gosnach M, et al. Risk factors and clinical relevance of nosocomial maxillary
    sinusitis in the critically ill. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150:776–783.


41. Cunha BA. Diagnostic significance of relative bradycardia. Infect Dis Pract 1997; 21:38–40.


42. Cunha BA. Diagnostic significance of relative bradycardia. Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 6:633–634.

Clinical Approach to Fever in Critical Care 17