Infectious Diseases in Critical Care Medicine

kidney and liver perfusion and the intrinsic coexistent dysfunction of the kidney or liver. For
most antibiotics used in the multiple-trauma patient, it is likely that they are underdosed and
that inadequate antibiotic administration contributes to both treatment failures and to
emerging patterns of antimicrobial resistance. More studies of antibiotic pharmacokinetics in
the multiple-system injured patient are necessary.

REFERENCES

1. Fullen WD, Hunt J, Altemeier WA. Prophylactic antibiotics in penetrating wounds of the abdomen.
   J Trauma 1972; 12:282.


2. Ericsson CD, Fischer RP, Rowlands BJ, et al. Prophylactic antibiotics in trauma: the hazards of
   underdosing. J Trauma 1989; 29:1356–1361.


3. Reed RL, Ericcson CD, Wu A, et al. The pharmacokinetics of prophylactic antibiotics in trauma.
   J Trauma 1992; 32:21–27.


4. Rosemurgy AS II, Dillon KR, Kurto HA, et al. Ceftizoxime use in trauma celiotomy: pharmacokinetics
   and patient outcomes. J Clin Pharmacol 1995; 35:1046–1051.


5. Dalley AJ, Lipman J, Venkatesh B, et al. Inadequate antimicrobial prophylaxis during surgery: a study
   ofb-lactam levels during burn debridement. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60:166–169.


6. Zaske DE, Cipolle RJ, Rotschafer JC, et al. Gentamicin pharmacokinetics in 1,640 patients: method for
   control of serum concentrations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982; 21:407–411.


7. Niemiec PW, Allo MD, Miller CF. Effect of altered volume of distribution on aminoglycoside levels in
   patients in surgical intensive care. Arch Surg 1987; 122:207–211.


8. Reid RL, Wu AH, Miller-Crotchett P, et al. Pharmacokinetic monitoring of nephrotoxic antibiotics in
   surgical intensive care patients. J Trauma 1989; 29:1462–1470.


9. Summer WR, Michael JR, Lipsky JJ. Initial aminoglycoside levels in the critically ill. Crit Care Med
   1983; 11(12):948–950.


10. Dasta JF, Armstrong DK. Variability in aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics in critically ill surgical
    patients. Crit Care Med 1988; 16:327.


11. Townsend PL, Fink MP, Stein KL, et al. Aminoglycoside pharmacokinetics: dosage requirements and
    nephrotoxicity in trauma patients. Crit Care Med 1989; 17:154–157.


12. Fernandez de Gatta MM, Mendez ME, Romano S, et al. Pharmacokinetics of amikacin in intensive
    care unit patients. J Clin Pharm Ther 1996; 21:417–421.


13. Zaske DE, Bootman JL, Solem LB, et al. Increased burn patient survival with individualized dosages
    of gentamicin. Surgery 1982; 91:142–149.


14. Rotschafer JC, Crossley K, Zaske DE, et al. Pharmacokinetics of vancomycin: observations in
    28 patients and dosage recommendations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982; 22:391–394.


15. Va ́zquez M, Fagiolino P, Boronat A, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring of vancomycin in severe
    sepsis and septic shock. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008; 46:140–145.


16. Rybak MJ, Albrecht LM, Berman JR, et al. Vancomycin pharmacokinetics in burn patients and
    intravenous drug abusers. Antimicrob Agents Chmother 1990; 34:792–795.


17. Garrelts JC, Peterie JC. Altered vancomycin dose vs. serum concentration relationship in burn
    patients. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988; 44:9–13.


18. Van Dalen R, Vree TB. Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med
    1990; 16(suppl 3):S235–S238.


19. Joynt GM, Lipman J, Gomersall CD, et al. The pharmacokinetics of once-daily dosing of ceftriaxone in
    critically ill patients. J Antimicrob Chemotherapy 2001; 47:421–429.


20. Hanes SD, Wood GC, Herring V, et al. Intermittent and continuous ceftazidime infusion for critically
    ill trauma patients. Am J Surg 2000; 179:436–440.


21. Dailly E, Pannier M, Jolliet P, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime in burn patients. Br J
    Clin Pharmacol 2003; 56:629–634.


22. Gomez CMH, Cordingly JJ, Palazzo MGA. Altered pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime in critically ill
    patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:1798–1802.


23. Angus BJ, Smith MD, Suputtamongkol Y, et al. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic evaluation of
    ceftazidime continuous infusion vs intermittent bolus injection in septicemic melioidosis. Br J Clin
    Pharmacol 2000; 49:445–452.


24. Bonapace CR, White RL, Friedrich LV, et al. Pharmacokinetics of cefepime in patients with thermal
    burn injury. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:2848–2854.


25. Lipman J, Wallis SC, Rickard C. Low plasma cefepime levels in critically ill septic patients:
    pharmacokinetic modeling indicates improved troughs with revised dosing. Antimicrob Agents
    Chemother 1999; 43:2559–2561.

Antibiotic Kinetics in the Multiple-System Trauma Patient 533