- In another type of financing, the risk is shared both by the lender and promoter.
The problem sometimes encountered in this method is to decide the proportion in
which risk will be shared between the two parties.
Apart from the above major types of financing, of late, a new mode of financing has
emerged, namely, Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT). As per this method, the investor
establishes the project on behalf of the promoter; on successful commissioning he also
operates it; it eventually gets transferred to the owner after a certain number of years.
This type of financing is becoming popular particularly in developing countries for
infrastructure projects.
Sponsors are the partners in the project who bring in equity capital or risk capital. Being
so, they are keenly interested in the successful completion of the project and shoulder
major responsibilities as regards its execution. The fact that they bring in equity capital is
an indication of their interest. Further, the amount of equity they contribute has a marked
bearing on the extent of debt that can be raised for the project.
Others who bring in equity capital are the initiators of the project. Included in this
category are multinational firms, future buyers of products or services of the project, the
erectors of the project, the public or private investors, international organizations,
development banks, etc.
- Lenders
Financing of a big project necessitates intervention of a banking pool consortium
composed of banks, national or international financial institutions, export financing
institutions, etc.
- Guarantors
Guarantees may be provided by banks, public financing organizations, international
financial institutions, private insurance companies, etc.
- Builders
Generally, there may be several builders who may group themselves as a consortium.
Sometimes, there may be a single project managing agency that coordinates different
tasks and directs the completion of the project.
- Project Operators
An operating company intervenes in the correction of the project. It brings its
organizational know-how to manage the project.