Clinical Psychology

the participants the real purpose of the experiment
would likely influence their responses to the ques-
tionnaires (especially to the one measuring hostil-
ity). Therefore, the investigator might need to
introduce the experiment as one that is focusing on
short-term memory.

Debriefing. Because participants have a right to
know why researchers are interested in studying
their behavior, a debriefing at the end of the research
is mandatory. It should be explained to participants
why the research is being carried out, why it is impor-
tant, and what the results have been. In some cases, it
is not possible to discuss results because the research is
still in progress. But subjects can be told what kinds of
results are expected and that they may return at a later
date for a complete briefing if they wish.

Fraudulent Data. It hardly seems necessary to

mention that investigators are under the strictest

standards of honesty in reporting their data.

Under no circumstances may they alter obtained

data in any way. To do so can bring charges of

fraud and create enormous legal, professional, and

ethical problems for the investigator. Although the

frequency of fraud in psychological research has so

far been minimal, we must be on guard. There is no

quicker way to lose the trust of the public than

through fraudulent practices.

The complete APA Ethical Principles and

Code of Conduct (2002), including the principles

relevant to conducting research, can be accessed

through Web site 4-1 at the end of this chapter.

CHAPTER SUMMARY

Clinical psychologists use a wide variety of research
methods to test theoretical propositions about
human behavior. Research also leads to modifica-
tion of theories in a type of feedback-loop system.
Observational methods range from unsystematic
and naturalistic observation, where little if any situ-
ational control can be exerted by the scientist, to

more controlled forms of observation in which the

researcher controls to some degree the situation in

which the target behavior will be observed.

The case study method is a form of controlled

observation that involves the intensive study and

description of one person in treatment. Case studies

document rare or unusual conditions or events, help

at any time to the study that is linked to me individually in any way will be destroyed. My name or any other

identifiers also will be removed completely from the records.

If at any time I have questions about any procedures in this project, I understand that I may contact the

project director, Timothy J. Trull, Ph.D., at 123-456-7890. For additional information regarding human participa-

tion in research, please feel free to contact the Campus IRB office at (123) 098-7654.

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