callous, uncaring, and meaningless world and (b) to
develop a sense of responsibility for his or her life.
moral preceptsIn Gestalt therapy, rules for
patients to live by (e.g., live now, express directly,
reject all“shoulds”and“oughts”that are not your
own, take complete responsibility for your actions).
paradoxical intentionA technique described by
Frankl in which the client is told to consciously
attempt to perform the verybehaviororresponse
that is the object of anxiety or concern. The
paradox is that the person will usually be unable to
do what he or she fears doing when he or she tries
to do it intentionally.
person-centered approachThe client-centered
approach when it is applied to problems or
situations outside of the therapy room (e.g.,
volunteer training, the training of medical
professionals).
phenomenal selfThe part of the phenomenal
field that the person experiences as“me.”
According to phenomenological theory, humans
have a basic urge to preserve and enhance the
phenomenal self.
phenomenologyA philosophical/theoretical
approach that asserts that an individual’s
behavior is completely determined by his or
her phenomenal field, or everything that is
experienced by the person at any given point
in time.
process-experiential therapyA relatively new
treatment approach that integrates the client-
centered and Gestalt therapy traditions.
selfThe awareness of one’s being and functioning
as separate and distinct from all else.
self-actualizationThe basic human tendency
toward maintaining and enhancing the self.
unconditional positive regardOne of the three
therapist characteristics considered essential for
client-centered work. Unconditional positive
regard refers to complete acceptance of and respect
for the client as a human being, without condi-
tions or requirements.WEB SITES OF INTEREST
To visit any of the following Web sites, go to
http://www.wadsworth.com and click Links.
13-1Center for the Studies of the Person
http://www.centerfortheperson.org/
13-2Carl Rogers Biography
http://www.nrogers.com/carlrogersbio.html
13-3Gestalt Therapy Page
http://www.gestalt.org/
13-4Gestalt Organizations
http://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/
gestaltorg.html
13-5Experiential Psychotherapy Research
http://www.experiential-researchers.org
13-6Emotion-Focused Therapy Web site
http://www.emotionfocusedtherapy.org/396 CHAPTER 13