Conceptual Physics

Process 1. The gas’s pressure is then reduced as its volume is increased in the process labeled 1, which is immediately above. T ...

20.7 - Classifying thermal processes As a heat engine operates, the gas expands or contracts and its pressure changes. A gas can ...

Chapter 20 Problems Conceptual Problems C.1 A gas is enclosed in a container whose walls are made of a material that is flexible ...

Section 3 - Heat engines 3.1 During a cycle, a heat engine receives 2.78×10^4 J of heat from the hot reservoir and gives up 1.83 ...

21.0 - Introduction Physics often seems to be about possibilities, but it is also about limits. You can think of the first law o ...

21.1 - Efficiency Efficiency: The ratio of the net work done by an engine during a cycle to the heat energy supplied to the engi ...

conservation. Energy cannot be created by a process; it must stay constant. The second law is a little more dire: It says that d ...

These principles can be stated in terms of a system and its environment. With an irreversible process, a system can be returned ...

Heat flows to a large block in a reversible process. What is the change in the entropy of the block? Assume its temperature is c ...

the reduction of entropy in the hotter object is more than matched by the increase in entropy of the cooler object. This must al ...

21.7 - Maximum engine efficiency and reservoir temperatures Heat engines are everywhere in the modern world. They convert heat i ...

Step-by-step derivation We start with the entropy inequality, and use that to write an inequality with the ratio of reservoir te ...

100% efficiency, its cold reservoir would have to be at absolute zero (which is theoretically impossible), or its hot reservoir ...

Third: The gas expands adiabatically, moving the piston to do work. Fourth: Finally, there is an “exhaust” step involving both a ...

The car engine has a compression ratio of 8.0. The molar specific heat ratio Ȗ is 1.4. What is the theoretical engine efficiency ...

limits the maximum COP is shown in Equation 2 on the right. The right side of the inequality is the ratio of the hot reservoir t ...

using the same amount of energy. Variables What is the strategy? Calculate the maximum coefficient of performance of the heat p ...

efficiency. Next, calculate how much heat needs to be added to the engine for it to perform the desired amount of work. The gaso ...

Chapter 21 Problems Conceptual Problems C.1 An amount of gas in a well-insulated container is compressed reversibly and adiabati ...

5.2 An ice cube of mass 0.018 kg, at the temperature of the freezing point of water, is surrounded by water at a temperature jus ...