The zodiac bears the imprint of all three means (days, months, and years),of
measuring time, but does not correspond precisely with any of them. The astrological
year and the solar year, for example, are of equal lengths, but the astrological year
begins at the exact moment the Sun enters the sign Aries (the spring equinox) rather
than on January 1. Also, the Sun resides in each sign for approximately one month,
but neither the lunar months (which vary every year) nor the months of the Western
calendar correspond with this residence (the Sun enters each sign between the eigh-
teenth and the twenty-fourth of each month). For these reasons and others,
astrologers must use their own calendars, termed ephemerides, to determine the pre-
cise positions of the heavenly bodies.—Aidan A. KellySources:
Colson, F. H. The Week.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1926.
Hawkins, Gerald S. Stonehenge Decoded.New York: Doubleday, 1965.
Hoyle, Sir Fred. Stonehenge.San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1976.
Nilsson, Martin P. Primitive Time-Reckoning: A Study in the Origins and First Development of the
Art of Counting Time Among the Primitive and Early Culture Peoples.Lund, Norway:
Gleerup, 1920.
O’Neil, W. M. Time and the Calendars.Sydney: Sydney University Press, 1975.
Parise, Frank, ed. The Book of Calendars.New York: Facts on File, 1982.
Wilson, P. W. The Romance of the Calendar.New York: Norton, 1937.
Wright, Lawrence. Clockwork Man: The Story of Time, Its Origins, Its Uses, Its Tyranny.New
York: Horizon, 1968.CAMPANUSSYSTEM
A Campanus system of house division (advanced by Giovanni Campano, a thir-
teenth-century mathematician-astrologer) is generated by equally dividing the prime
vertical. By the twentieth century, the system had fallen into disuse, but was partially
revived as a result of the advocacy of Dane Rudhyar.CAMPION, NICHOLAS
Nicholas Campion was born on March 4, 1953, in Bristol England. He was educated
at Queens’ College, Cambridge (B.A. history, 1974; M.A. 1976) and took post-gradu-
ate courses at London University, studying Southeast Asian history at the School of
Oriental and African Studies and international relations at the London School of
Economics. After graduating he taught history and English and also worked in com-
puting, housing administration, and theatre management.
Campion first became interested in astrology through newspaper sun sign
columns around 1961 and had his first professional horoscope cast in 1965 at age 12.
He began studying it in 1971 and his interest deepened while an undergraduate at
Cambridge when he discovered that astrology was a central part of the medieval uni-
versity curriculum, yet all the standard history books ignored this fact. He intended to
study the history of astrology but realized that in order to do this he should study theCampanus System
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