research involving statistical methods. To avoid conflict within his first profession, he
used the pseudonym Paul Flambart until after he retired. He was a prolific writer,
though little known in the United States.
Choisnard was important for his role in helping to revive astrology in France
and for his pioneering role in applying statistical methods to astrology. He was suc-
ceeded in the latter role by the Swiss astrologer Karl Ernst Krafft, who was in turn fol-
lowed by Michel Gauquelin. Choisnard died on February 9, 1930, in St. Geni-de-
Saintange.
Sources:
Choisnard, Paul. Étude nouvelle sur l’hérédité.Paris: Chacornac, 1903.
———. Influence astrale.Paris: Chacornac, 1901.
———. Langage astral.Paris: Chacornac, 1903.
Holden, James H., and Robert A. Hughes. Astrological Pioneers of America.Tempe, AZ: Ameri-
can Federation of Astrologers, 1988.
CHOLERIC
Choleric is the traditional name for the personality temperament indicated by an
excess of the element fire.
CHRISTIANITY ANDASTROLOGY
Historically, astrology was integrated into the church along with other aspects of Hel-
lenistic civilization. From time to time, various Christian thinkers worried about the
tension between free will and the apparent determinism of astrology, but by and large
the science of the stars occupied an honorable position in the Western tradition.
Although some of the biblical prophets disparaged stargazing, the Three Wise Men
were clearly astrologers, and in certain other scriptural passages it was evident that
God regularly used heavenly signs to instruct the faithful.
Despite certain tensions between them, astrology and Christianity were not
separated until the fundamentalist movement of the early twentieth century. For vari-
ous reasons, but particularly because of astrology’s association with metaphysical reli-
gion (e.g., the New Age movement), fundamentalists—and, later, most other varieties
of conservative Christians—rejected astrology as a delusion at best and as a tool of
Satan at worst.
Sources:
Jacobs, Don. Astrology’s Pew in the Church.San Francisco: The Joshua Foundation, 1979.
Simms, Maria Kay. Twelve Wings of the Eagle: Our Spiritual Evolution through the Ages of the Zodi-
ac.San Diego: Astro Computing Services, 1988.
CHRISTINO, KAREN
Karen Christino has been a consulting astrologer, lecturer, and teacher since 1977. She
is the author of Foreseeing the Future: Evangeline Adams and Astrology in Americaand
THEASTROLOGYBOOK [157]
Christino, Karen