Sources:
Campion, Nick. Cosmos: A Cultural History of Astrology.London: London Books, 2001.
DeFouw, Hart, and Robert Svoboda. Light on Life.New York: Arkana Penguin Books, 1996.
Gauquelin, Michel. Cosmic Influences on Human Behavior.Santa Fe, NM: Aurora Press, 1994.
Guttman, Ariel, and Kenneth Johnson. Mythic Astrology.St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn Publications,
1998.
Holden, James Herschel. A History of Horoscopic Astrology.Tempe, AZ: American Federation of
Astrologers, 1996.
Perry, Glenn. Mapping the Landscape of the Soul.San Rafael, CA: Association of Astrological
Psychology, 2001.
Powell, Robert. History of the Planets.San Diego: ACS Publications, 1985.
Schmidt, Robert. Original Source Texts and Auxiliary Materials for the Study of Hellenistic Astrolo-
gy.Cumberland, MD: Phaser Foundation, 2002.
Wilson, James. A Complete Dictionary of Astrology.London: W. Hughes, 1819. Reprint, New
York, S. Weiser, 1969.
—Maria J. Mateus
MARSEFFECT
Of the various attempts to demonstrate astrological influence by statistical means, the
most successful have been the large-scale studies by Michel Gauquelin and Françoise
Gauquelin. The Gauquelins uncovered correlations between vocation and the posi-
tion of certain specific planets. The most significant of these was the so-called Mars
effect, a correlation between athletic achievement and the position of the planet
Mars—a planet traditionally associated with physical energy and therefore with ath-
letic achievement—in certain influential sectors of the sky (e.g., close to the eastern
horizon and near the zenith) at the time of birth.
Sources:
Curry, Patrick. “Research on the Mars Effect.” Zetetic Scholar9 (March 1982): 34–53.
Gauquelin, Michel, and Françoise Gauquelin. Psychological Mongraphs. Series C: The Mars Tem-
perament and Sports.Vol. II. Paris: Laboratoire d’Etudes des Relations entre Rythmes Cos-
miques et Psycholphysiologiques, 1973.
Melton, J. Gordon, Jerome Clark, and Aidan A. Kelly. New Age Encyclopedia.Detroit: Gale,
1990.
MASCULINESIGNS(POSITIVESIGNS)
The 12 signs of the zodiac are classified in several different ways, including a division
into positive, masculine signs and negative, feminine signs (using negative and posi-
tive in the neutral sense of opposite poles rather than as value judgments). The mas-
culine signs are all of the fire signs (Aries, Leo, and Sagittarius) and all of the air signs
(Gemini, Libra, and Aquarius). The gender of the signs was originally determined by
the Pythagorean notion that odd numbers were male and even numbers female. This
caused the signs that came first (Aries), third (Gemini), fifth (Leo), etc., in the zodiac
to be classified as masculine. By comparison with the feminine signs, the masculine
signs tend to be more active and extroverted.
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Masculine Signs (Positive Signs)