else missed. Being “hot,” you react to things quickly: by expressing your
anger strongly and immediately, you don’t tend to harbor a grudge.
This is the temperament type that is considered the most ideal, because
you are the most comfortable within a social situation. You appear
warm and friendly to others, and don’t seem too eager to hold them to
an impossible standard.
You are fixed, which means you are strong-willed and stubborn. You
will want to hang onto people and things long after they have ceased to
be useful to you. (Courtesy of J. Lee Lehman, Ph.D. (copyright 1998)
[http://www.leelehman.com].)
Readers interested in examining interpretations for their Chinese astrological
sign should refer to the relevant entry. A guide for determining one’s sign in the Chi-
nese system is provided in the entry on the Chinese zodiac.Sources:
Cochrane, David. Astrology for the 21st Century.Gainesville, FL: Cosmic Patterns, 2002.
Forrest, Steven. The Inner Sky: How to Make Wiser Choices for a More Fulfilling Life.4th ed. San
Diego: ACS Publications, 1989.
Green, Landis Knight. The Astrologer’s Manual: Modern Insights into an Ancient Art.Sebastopol,
CA: CRCS Publications, 1975.
Hall, Manly P. Astrological Keywords.New York, Philosophical Library, 1958. Reprint, Savage,
MD: Littlefield Adams Quality Paperbacks, 1975.
Lehman, J. Lee. Classical Astrology for Modern Living: From Ptolemy to Psychology & Back Again.
Atglen, PA: Whitford Press, 1996.
Lewi, Grant. Astrology for the Millions.5th rev. ed. St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn, 1978.
———. Heaven Knows What.Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1935. Reprint, St.
Paul, MN: Llewellyn, 1995.
Star, Gloria. Astrology: Woman to Woman.St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn, 1999.
———. Astrology & Your Child: A Handbook for Parents.St. Paul, MN: Llewellyn, 2001.AQUINAS, THOMAS
Thomas Aquinas was a famous thirteenth-century Italian scholar-philosopher and the
official theologian of the Catholic Church. Although not an astrologer, he made some
very influential assertions about the science of the stars. While he acknowledged plan-
etary influence, Aquinas was also concerned to reconcile the apparent determinism of
astrology with free will.
For example, Aquinas asserted that one could utilize powers of rationality to
overcome such forces of determinism. The basis for this assertion was the distinction
Christian philosophy drew between the immortal soul (governed by reason) and the
physical body (governed by sensual desire). As an artifact of this physical world, astro-
logical forces could, according to Aquinas, affect the physical body. The soul, howev-
er, was beyond such forces. Individuals could thus exercise their reason and overcome
planetary influences.
People in groups, however, were ruled more by their passions than by reason.
Thus, the actions of nations, cities, and other organizations—the sphere of mundaneAquinas, Thomas
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