- spelling and punctuation Chapter 1 The alphabet, pronunciation, stress,
- 1.1 The alphabet
- 1.2 Pronunciation
- 1.3 Stress and written accents
- 1.4 Spelling – capital letters
- 1.5 Punctuation
- Chapter 2 Nouns
- 2.1 Plural forms of nouns
- 2.2 Gender
- 2.3 Collective nouns and agreement
- Chapter 3 Definite and indefinite articles
- 3.1 Forms of the articles
- 3.2 The definite article
- 3.3 The indefinite article
- 3.4 The neuter article lo
- Chapter 4 Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns
- 4.1 Demonstrative adjectives
- 4.2 Masculine and feminine demonstrative pronouns
- 4.3 Neuter demonstrative pronouns
- Chapter 5 Possessive adjectives
- 5.1 Possessive adjectives before the noun
- 5.2 Possessive adjectives after the noun
- 5.3 Definite and neuter articles with possessives
- 5.4 Avoidance of ambiguity with su/susand suyo/a/os/as
- 5.5 Parts of the body and personal effects
- 5.6 Possessive adjectives with adverbs and prepositions
- Chapter 6 Adjectives
- 6.1 Gender
- 6.2 Singular and plural of adjectives
- 6.3 Shortening of adjectives
- 6.4 Position of adjectives
- 6.5 Translating English ‘un-’ + adjective
- 6.6 Verb + adjective sequences
- Chapter 7 Adverbs
- 7.1 Adverbs ending in -mente
- 7.2 Adverbs not ending in -mente
- 7.3 Adverbial phrases
- 7.4 Adjectives used as adverbs
- Chapter 8 Personal pronouns
- 8.1 Subject pronouns
- 8.2 Direct and indirect object pronouns
- 8.3 Prepositional object pronouns
- 8.4 Reflexive pronouns
- 8.5 The position and order of personal pronouns
- 8.6 Use of le(s)in place of lo(s)and la(s)
- adverbs Chapter 9 Indefinite adjectives, pronouns and
- 9.1 Algo
- 9.2 Alguien
- 9.3 Alguno
- 9.4 Uno
- 9.5 Mucho, poco
- 9.6 Bastante, suficiente
- 9.7 Varios
- 9.8 Demasiado
- 9.9 Todo
- 9.10 Cualquiera
- 9.11 Ambos/as
- 9.12 Cada
- 9.13 Solo
- 9.14 Demás
- 9.15 Cierto
- 9.16 Tal, semejante
- 9.17 Otro
- Chapter 10 Verb forms
- 10.1 Present indicative and present subjunctive
- 10.2 Imperative
- 10.3 Imperfect tense
- 10.4 Preterite tense
- 10.5 Imperfect subjunctive
- 10.6 Future and conditional tenses
- 10.7 Future subjunctive
- 10.8 Non-finite forms
- 10.9 Compound tenses
- 10.10 Progressive or continuous tenses
- Chapter 11 Uses of tenses
- 11.1 Simple tenses
- 11.2 Compound tenses
- 11.3 Progressive or continuous tenses
- 11.4 Expressions of time with hacer, desdeand llevar
- 11.5 Verbs like gustar
- Chapter 12 The subjunctive mood
- 12.1 Subjunctive in subordinate queclauses
- conjunctions 12.2 Subjunctive required by certain subordinating
- 12.3 Subjunctive in main clauses
- to use 12.4 The sequence of tenses – which subjunctive tense
- subjunctive 12.5 Additional uses of the -raform of the imperfect
- 12.6 The future subjunctive
- Chapter 13 Conditional clauses
- 13.1 Use of the subjunctive after si
- 13.2 Indicative tenses after si
- 13.3 Conditional sentences without si
- Chapter 14 Reflexive verbs
- 14.1 Formation of reflexive verbs
- 14.2 Reflexive verbs with a reflexive meaning
- 14.3 Reflexive verbs with a reciprocal meaning
- 14.4 Reflexive verbs with an indirect object pronoun
- 14.5 Seas an indefinite subject
- 14.6 Reflexive verbs ‘to get/have something done’
- 14.7 Verbs reflexive in form but not in meaning
- meaning 14.8 Transitive verbs used reflexively with intransitive
- 14.9 Verbs of becoming
- 14.10 Emphatic reflexive verbs
- Chapter 15 Passive constructions
- 15.1 Serand estarwith the past participle
- 15.2 Alternatives to passive constructions
- Chapter 16 Modal auxiliary verbs
- 16.1 Deber
- 16.2 Tener que
- 16.3 Haber
- 16.4 Querer
- 16.5 Poder
- 16.6 Saber
- 16.7 Soler
- Chapter 17 Infinitive constructions
- 17.1 Finite verb + infinitive
- 17.2 Prepositions + infinitive
- 17.3 Infinitives in impersonal constructions
- 17.4 An infinitive as the subject of a verb
- 17.5 An infinitive with an explicit subject
- 17.6 The infinitive as a verbal noun
- Chapter 18 Uses of the gerund
- 18.1 Basic use of the gerund
- 18.2 Gerund and main verb with different subjects
- 18.3 Gerund in place of a relative clause
- 18.4 Gerund with certain verbs
- 18.5 Cases where the gerund is not used
- Chapter 19 Commands
- 19.1 Forms of the imperative
- 19.2 Commands which use the present subjunctive
- 19.3 Alternative ways of expressing commands
- Chapter 20 Ser and estar
- 20.1 Situations which demand ser
- 20.2 Situations which demand estar
- 20.3 Serand estarwith adjectives
- 20.4 Serand estarwith past participles
- 20.5 Special uses of estar
- Chapter 21 Prepositions
- 21.1 A
- 21.2 Antes de, ante, delante de
- 21.3 Bajo, debajo de
- 21.4 Con
- 21.5 Contra, en contra de
- 21.6 De
- 21.7 Dentro de, fuera de
- 21.8 Desde
- 21.9 Detrás de, tras
- 21.10 En, encima de, sobre
- 21.11 Enfrente de, frente a
- 21.12 Entre
- 21.13 Hacia, hasta
- 21.14 Según
- 21.15 Sin
- 21.16 Combinations of prepositions
- 21.17 Cuandoand dondeused as prepositions
- Chapter 22 Por and para
- 22.1 Uses of por
- 22.2 Uses of para
- 22.3 Porand parawith estar– comparisons
- Chapter 23 Numerals and numerical expressions
- 23.1 Cardinal numbers
- 23.2 Ordinal numbers
- 23.3 Fractions
- 23.4 Collective and multiple numerals
- Chapter 24 Negation
- 24.1 No
- 24.2 Other negative words
- 24.3 Expressions using no
- 24.4 Spanish negatives with English affirmative meaning
- 24.5 Affirmative phrases with negative meaning
- Chapter 25 Relative clauses
- clauses 25.1 Differences between Spanish and English relative
- 25.2 Restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses
- 25.3 Spanish relative pronouns, adverbs and adjectives
- 25.4 A basic system
- 25.5 Alternatives to the basic system
- 25.6 Focusing on words or phrases
- ‘those who’ 25.7 Use of el queand quiento mean ‘anybody who’,
- 25.8 Cuanto‘as much/many as’
- 25.9 Relative clauses with infinitives
- constructions Chapter 26 Comparative and superlative
- 26.1 Comparisons involving adjectives or adverbs
- 26.2 Comparisons involving nouns
- 26.3 Comparisons involving verbs
- 26.4 Uses of deafter másand menos
- 26.5 Cuanto másand cuanto menos
- 26.6 Superlative constructions
- 26.7 Other comparative expressions
- 26.8 Other expressions of equality – ‘the same (thing) as’
- Chapter 27 Questions and exclamations
- 27.1 Subject-verb inversion
- 27.2 Spanish interrogative words
- 27.3 Question tags
- 27.4 Exclamations
- Chapter 28 Word order
- 28.1 New versus old information
- 28.2 Item under discussion at beginning of sentence
- 28.3 Emphatic stress
- 28.4 Specific constructions
- 28.5 Position of adverbs
- 28.6 Subject-verb inversion in questions
- Chapter 29 Word formation
- 29.1 Suffixes
- 29.2 Prefixes
- 29.3 Combinations of words
- and Peninsular Spanis h Chapter 30 Differences between Latin American
- 30.1 Pronunciation
- 30.2 Forms of address
- 30.3 Leand lo
- 30.4 Uses of tenses
- 30.5 El que, quienand que
- 30.6 Vocabulary
- Glossary
- Index
