Spanish: An Essential Grammar

collective numerals 246–7;

fractions 245–6; multiples 247;

ordinals 244–5; see alsocien(to),

dates, mil, time, uno

nunca250–1

oír: gerund 123; present indicative

and subjunctive 104–5; preterite

118

ojalá‘if only’ 158

-ón(suffix) 298–9

ordinal numbers seenumerals

orthography changing verbs: present

indicative 111–12; preterite 119

-oso/-udo(suffixes) 293

-ota/-ote(suffix) 299

otro96; cf. ‘another’ 96

paraand por233–7; general

comments 233; compared before

infinitive 237; estar+ 237;

translating ‘for’ 234b/c, 236; uses

of para236–7; uses of por234–6;

see alsopor

¿para qué?‘why?’ 281

passive 176–7; alternative

constructions 177, 179–81 (with se

179–80)

past anterior tense 126, 138

past participle: after estarand ser

176–7, 178; forms 122, 123, 124

peor: for más mal(o) 269

perfect infinitive 126

perfect tense: compared with preterite

136; forms 124–5; uses 136–7

‘perhaps’ 157

personal a215–17

personal pronouns 70–83; accents on

70; categories 70; direct object

pronouns 74–5; indirect object

pronouns 74, 75–6 (redundant use

76); list 71; order 81–2; position

80–1; after prepositions 77–8;

reflexive pronouns 78–9; sefor le

or les82; subject pronouns 72–4

(after some prepositions 73, to

translate ‘it’s me’, etc. 74); see also

le

pluperfect tense 137; forms of 124–5

plurals seeadjectives, nouns

poco87–8

poder185–7; gerund 123; cf.

imperfect and preterite 185–6;

translating ‘could’ 185–6

por: before adverbs of place 66; cf

durante234n; + infinitive 191,

237; after past participles 176; in

temporal expressions 243; see also

para

¿por qué?‘why?’ 281

possessive adjectives 47–51; with

adverbs and prepositions 50–1;

after nouns 48; before nouns 47–8;

avoiding ambiguity of su/suyo, etc.

49–50; replaced by definite article

50

possessive pronouns 49 (míoor el

mío?etc. 49)

pos(t)-(prefix) 302, 303

prefixes see word formation and

individual listings

prepositions 215–32; combinations

of 231; linking nouns 303–4; see

also individual listings

present indicative: for commands

208; irregular forms 99–112

(orthography changing verbs

111–12, radical changing verbs

99–104, change of stem consonant

104–7, irregular stress 107–10);

regular forms 98; uses 128–9

preterite tense: cf. imperfect 132–4;

cf. perfect 136; irregular forms

116–19 (i> yor is deleted 118–19,

orthography changing verbs 119,

radical changing verbs 116–17,

irregular stem and stress 117–18);

regular forms 115–16; uses 129–30

primer(o): + en+ infinitive 192; short

form 56–7, 245

progressive tenses: cf. English usage

139; forms 126–7; uses 139–41

pronunciation and spelling 1–5

puede (ser) que‘it is possible that’

187

punctuation 11–12

puro: cf Peninsular and LA use

314–15

1111

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1011

1

12111

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

20111

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

30111

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

40

41111

Index

324