The Painter in oil

must express yourself. These are the tools of the trade. They are the words of your art
language - the language itself being the abstract elements - and thought, the
combinations which you may conceive in your brain by means of these abstract
elements.
You must have absolute command of these materials of painting. No matter how ideal
your thought may be, no matter how fine your feeling for line and color and
composition, if you do not know how to handle gross material which is the only medium
by which this can all be made visible and recognizable to another person, you will fail of
either expressing yourself, or of representing anything else.
Now you will see what I have been driving at all this time; I have been talking terms
which may well be called not practical. I want to fix your attention on the fact that here
are two qualities in a picture: that one will be always within you, mainly, and will control
the character of your picture, because it will be the expression of your mental self; and
the other the practical part, which any one may, and all painters must learn, because it is
the only means of getting the first into existence.
The one, the abstract part, no one can tell you how to cultivate nor how to use. If I
tried to do so, it would be my idea and not yours which would result. I can only tell you
that it is the thought of art, and you must think your own thoughts.
But the other, the material, the concrete, the practical, it is the purpose of this whole
book to help you to understand and to acquire the mastery of, so far as may be done by
words.
Teaching by words is difficult, and never completely satisfactory. But much may be
done. If you will use your own brains, so that what does not seem clear at first may come
to have a meaning because of your thinking about it, we may accomplish a great deal. I
cannot make you understand. I can give you the principles, but you must apply them and
think them out.
Everything I say must be in a measure general; for the needs of every one are
individual, and the requirements of each technical problem is individual. I must speak
for all, and not to any one. Yet I shall state principles which can always be made to each
single need, and I will try to show how the application may be made.
Technique. - The science of painting consists of a variety of processes by means of
which a canvas is covered with pigment, and various objects are represented thereon.
The whole body of method and means is called technique; the several parts of technique
are called by names of their own. The part which applies to the putting on of paint may
be generally called handling, although the word painting is sometimes restricted to this
sense, and brush-work is often used for the same thing. The other technical means will
be spoken of in their proper place. Let me say now a few words as to handling in general.
Where did all this technique come from?
From experiment.
Ever since art began, men have been searching for means of fixing ideas upon
surfaces. But it is only within the last four hundred years that the processes of oil
painting have been in existence - simply because they are peculiar to the use of pigments
ground in oil as a vehicle, and the oil medium was not invented until the middle of the
fifteenth century.