some notes on mode 1 and mode 2Doctoral scholarship in architecture and design in the 1990sa discussion about the desirability of a more architecturally pronounced epistemological
stance began at several scandinavian schools of architecture early in the 1990s. The
new university laws in scandinavia, which demanded a more academically professional
model of scholarship (including doctoral programmes with organized research
education) from all institutions of higher education with university status, provided a
direct incentive for this discussion.^4
in march 1992 a nordic network for co- operation in research education for design
professionals was established.^5 Their members represented several scandinavian
schools of architecture offering professional training within design, architecture and
spatial planning, which were called the making professions in this milieu. These schools
were in the process of establishing their doctoral programmes based on mandatory
research education.^6 There was a strong need to discuss issues at a broader level than
national contexts, possible contents, and methods of research education in the fields
of making knowledge. The network continued to co- operate and organized a series of
nordic courses in research education, sponsored by the nordic academy of advanced
study (nordisk Forskerakademi). These courses contributed to the ‘third phase’ in
the development of doctoral studies, where the focus lay on establishing the identity
of design thinking. during the ‘third phase’ several attempts were made to answer
questions like these: is it possible to find unity in the diversity of our approaches to
design and design research? how do artefacts come into existence? What are these
artefacts and what are their properties? What are the outcomes of artefacts in the
individual and collective lives of human beings?
another vertical line denotes the third period in architectural scholarship, that
between 1990 and 2000. The circular figure still marks architecture and its practice,
and the oblong figures represent several academic disciplines. The contributions of
architectural doctoral scholarship are illustrated as a circular figure, partly filled (under
the horizontal line) and partly empty (over that line). This placement of the circular
‘result- figure’ indicates that the research was derived from and targeted towards
architecture and its practice, but it was also informed by academic disciplines, and,
hopefully, contributed to them. The arrows are not crossed, to signify that there has
been dialogue between the two worlds, that of architectural scholarship and that of
more traditional academia.
Figure 4.3 doctoral scholarship 1990–2000.