will make sense across a range of countries with diVerent institutional arrange-
ments. Where courts are relatively recent political players, it will also take some
time before we can speak with conWdence about the long-term impact of courts.
Whatever their level of eVectiveness, courts will always bear careful scrutiny
because they are both political and legal institutions. The substance of their
policies—which so often resemble the issues taken up by elected oYcials—may
shade this fact. Still, understanding the rules and norms that uniquely govern the
judicial process is essential if one is to make sense of what courts can and cannot
reasonably accomplish.
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