Spamdexing 89
Content spam
These techniques involve altering the logical view that a search engine has over the page's contents. They all aim at
variants of the vector space model for information retrieval on text collections.Keyword stuffing
Keyword stuffing involves the calculated placement of keywords within a page to raise the keyword count, variety,
and density of the page. This is useful to make a page appear to be relevant for a web crawler in a way that makes it
more likely to be found. Example: A promoter of a Ponzi scheme wants to attract web surfers to a site where he
advertises his scam. He places hidden text appropriate for a fan page of a popular music group on his page, hoping
that the page will be listed as a fan site and receive many visits from music lovers. Older versions of indexing
programs simply counted how often a keyword appeared, and used that to determine relevance levels. Most modern
search engines have the ability to analyze a page for keyword stuffing and determine whether the frequency is
consistent with other sites created specifically to attract search engine traffic. Also, large webpages are truncated, so
that massive dictionary lists cannot be indexed on a single webpage.Hidden or invisible text
Unrelated hidden text is disguised by making it the same color as the background, using a tiny font size, or hiding it
within HTML code such as "no frame" sections, alt attributes, zero-sized DIVs, and "no script" sections. People
screening websites for a search-engine company might temporarily or permanently block an entire website for
having invisible text on some of its pages. However, hidden text is not always spamdexing: it can also be used to
enhance accessibility.Meta-tag stuffing
This involves repeating keywords in the Meta tags, and using meta keywords that are unrelated to the site's content.
This tactic has been ineffective since 2005.Doorway pages
"Gateway" or doorway pages are low-quality web pages created with very little content but are instead stuffed with
very similar keywords and phrases. They are designed to rank highly within the search results, but serve no purpose
to visitors looking for information. A doorway page will generally have "click here to enter" on the page.Scraper sites
Scraper sites are created using various programs designed to "scrape" search-engine results pages or other sources of
content and create "content" for a website.[5] The specific presentation of content on these sites is unique, but is
merely an amalgamation of content taken from other sources, often without permission. Such websites are generally
full of advertising (such as pay-per-click ads[2]), or they redirect the user to other sites. It is even feasible for scraper
sites to outrank original websites for their own information and organization names.