Concepts of Programming Languages

Chapter 2 Evolution of the Major Programming Languages 37

1957

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

ALGOL 58

ALGOL 60

ALGOL W

Pascal

BASIC

MODULA-3 Oberon

Eiffel

ANSI C (C89)

Fortran 90

Fortran 95

Fortran 77

Fortran IV

Fortran II

Fortran I

Visual BASIC

QuickBASIC

CPL

BCPL

C

B

PL/I

COBOL

LISP

Scheme

FLOW-MATIC

C++

APL

COMMON LISP

MODULA-2

SNOBOL

ICON

SIMULA I

SIMULA 67

ALGOL 68

Ada 83

Smalltalk 80

Ada 95

Ada 2005

Lua Java

Javascript

Ruby

Ruby 1.8

Ruby 1.9

Prolog

Java 5.0

Java 6.0

Java 7.0

Miranda

Haskell

Python

Python 2.0

Python 3.0

ML

Perl

PHP

C99

C#

C# 2.0

C# 3.0

C# 4.0

Visual Basic.NET

awk

Fortran 2003

Fortran 2008

Figure 2.1

Genealogy of common high-level programming languages